memory studies

Question 1

Baddeley - coding

Answer 1

4 groups
1. acoustically similar
2. acoustically dissimilar
3. semantically similar
4. semantically dissimilar
with STM recall ppts did worse on acoustically similar
with LTM recall ppts did worse on semantically similar - information coded semantically in LTM.

Question 2

Jacobs

Answer 2

research on capacity in STM
measured digit span i.e. read out 4 digits and ppt is asked to repeat then 5 etc…
found mean digit span was 9.3 and for letters 7.3

Question 3

Miller

Answer 3

chunking in STM

observed things came in 7’s - suggested that capacity is 7 chunk (+/- 2)

Question 4

Peterson and Peterson

Answer 4

duration in STM
ppt given a trigram and a 3 digit number -told to count back from that number until told to stop after different retention intervals. Then had to repeat trigram back correctly
found correct responses decreased over time - duration in STM short unless we rehears it

Question 5

Bahrick

Answer 5

duration in LTM 
ages 17-74 
1. photo recognition 
2. free recall - of names in class 
1. within 15 years of graduation - 90% accurate 
    after 48 years declined to 70% 
2. within 15 years - 60% accurate 
     after 48 years declined to 30%

Question 6

HM case study

Answer 6

provides evidence for MSM
STM in tact and unaffected but LTM severely damaged - couldn’t form new memories
also evidence for different types of LTM - episodic poor but semantic and procedural okay

Question 7

Clive Wearing case study

Answer 7

shows different types of LTM
hippocampus severely damaged
had poor episodic memory but procedural and semantic memory still in tact - could still play the piano

Question 8

KF case study

Answer 8

Shallice and Warrington:
KF had amnesia found STM for digits was very poor when read aloud to him but better when he read them or himself
shows must be an area of STM that processes auditory information and one that processes visual information.

Question 9

Tulving et al

Answer 9

got ppts to perform various tasks when brains were scanned

found episodic and semantic memories recalled from prefrontal cortex - left - semantic and right - episodic

Question 10

Baddeley - dual task performance

Answer 10

ppts had more difficulty doing two visual tasks than doing a visual and verbal task
evidence for visuo spatial sketchpad as both visual tasks competing for same slave system

Question 11

McGeoch and McDonald

Answer 11

retroactive inferences
6 groups all told to learn a list to 100% accuracy
then told to learn a new list
performance depended on nature of second list - worst recall was when words were most similar - synonyms
interference is strongest when memories are similar

Question 12

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 12

rugby players
asked to name the teams they had played in the season
didn’t depend on how log since first match but rather how many games they had played since

Question 13

Godden and Baddeley

Answer 13

context dependent forgetting
divers told to learn a word either in water or in land then to recall it in either the same environment or a different one
recall was 40% worse when environments didn’t match

Question 14

Carter and Cassaday

Answer 14

state dependent forgetting
learn on drugs or not and recall in the same state or different
significant worse when states didn’t match

Question 15

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 15

watched film clips of accidents
then asked to describe how fast the car was travelling with the use of different verbs e.g. collide or smashed mean was significantly less for the word contacted than smashed
also asked to come back a week later, pots who heard smash more likely to say yes

Question 16

Gabbert et al

Answer 16

ppts put into pairs both to watch the same crime from different angles - then allowed to discuss before individually do a recall test
71% of ppts mistakenly recalled something they would have not seen in their video

Question 17

Johnson and Scott

Answer 17

ppts waiting in a waiting room where they hear an argument and either see a man walk out with a pen and grease on his hand or a man with a bloody knife
49% recall with man with pen
33% recall with man with bloody knife
shows effect of tunnel theory - focus on the weapon

Question 18

Yuille and Cutshall

Answer 18

interview witnesses of real crime 4-5 months later
and asked to rate their stress during the event 1-10
recall was good for all witnesses but better for those who reported high anxiety

Question 19

Kohnken et al

Answer 19

meta analysis of 50 studies proved enhanced CI proved to be more affective than normal police interviews

Question 20

Sperling

Answer 20

studied capacity and duration in sensory memory
3 rows of 4 letters flashed for 0.1 seconds
in whole report condition had to recall as many words as they could - average 4-5 letters
in partial report condition had to recall a certain line - average 3-4 letters
shows: duration is very brief, disappears before it can be recalled
capacity is very large

Question 21

Morris

Answer 21

football fans recalled football facts better than non football fans suggests some coding is semantic.

Question 22

Aggleton and Waskett

Answer 22

recall on information about a museum was better when cued by smells

Question 23

Baker

Answer 23

higher recall when learning and recalling was done chewing gum