Attention

Question 1

what is attention

Answer 1

ability to focus on information derived either for external or internal sources (Moran, 2016)

Question 2

concentration

Answer 2

attentional process that involves ability to focus on. the task at hand, ignoring distractions (Moran, 2012)

Question 3

what leads to optimal concentration and performance in comps *Vast, 2010)

Answer 3

maintaining or quickly regaining has-relevent focus and automatic movements

Question 4

performers must be able to..(Williams, 1999)

Answer 4

identify most info rich areas & direct attention appropriately

Question 5

info system has … capacity

Answer 5

limited

Question 6

needs to screen out…. and focus on… (Smith, 1996)

Answer 6

debilitative attending to facilitative cues

Question 7

Lazarus, 2000- suggested …. can effect ……

Answer 7

emotions can influence attention & concentration

Question 8

Anderson, 2005- suggested that it is important to consider….

Answer 8

+ and - and intensity of emotion

Question 9

processing critical info, self-regulating stress are associated with comp are integral too…. (willliams, 2002)

Answer 9

successful coordination

execution of self-paced aiming movement

Question 10

influence of anxiety on performance are assumed to relate to alterations in….

Answer 10

Attentional mechanisms

Question 11

when attentional mechanisms are disrupted, what would change

Answer 11

task-irrelevent info focused on missing task-relevant

Question 12

why might attention be useful to performance

Answer 12

direct movement away from threats

Question 13

direct movement away from threats encourages athletes too… (and who said)

Answer 13

engage in behaviour to avoid failure (increased effort?) (Carver, 2001)

Question 14

high SE & ….. anxiety/arousal= …. to attention & performance

Answer 14

low annuity/attention to facilitate attention & performance (Eynseck, 1992)

Question 15

who suggested attentional narrowing

Answer 15

Boucher, 2002

Eysenck, 1992

Question 16

anxiety can lead to…. attentional…. & ….. (said who)

Answer 16

negative attentional bias & hyper vigilance (Hansen & Hansen, 1994)

Question 17

info processing is effected with anxiety (T or F) if so how and who said

Answer 17

true- extensive & prolonger- worry (Anderson, 2005)

Question 18

WMC, why is it effected? who said?

Answer 18

orientation internally (thoughts) (Matthew & wells, 1999) this consumes WMC directing attention to task-irrelevant

Question 19

Matthew & Wells suggested anxiety effects attention by..

Answer 19

reinvestment- actively control movements= detrimental to performance

Question 20

who made the CUT theory & what does it stand for

Answer 20

cue utilisation theory

Easterbrook, 1959

Question 21

CPH, who’s theory

Answer 21

conscious processing hypothesis

Masters, 1992

Question 22

PET, who’s theory

Answer 22

processing efficiency theory, Eysenck & Calvo, 1992

Question 23

ACT, who’s theory

Answer 23

attentional control theory, Eysenck & Calvo, 2007

Question 24

what does the PET do?

Answer 24

explanation of the effects of state anxiety on performance

Question 25

(PET) states that worry has 2 main effects- what are they?

Answer 25

1) reduction of WMC (storage and processing) | 2) increment in on-task effort

Question 26

crucial distinction between.. (PET) is shown

Answer 26

performance effectiveness and processing efficacy

Question 27

anxiety characteristically impairs... more than....

Answer 27

efficiency more than effectiveness

Question 28

what are PET limitations

Answer 28

1) no assumptions concerning effects of distracting stimuli on anxious 2) PET exclusive to cog tasks involving neural/ non-emotional stimuli 3) doesn't consider anxious individual out perfuming non-anxious 4) notion of anxiety impairing processing efficiency of central executive=imprecise as fails to specify which central executive fuctions most effected

Question 29

ACT has how many hypothesis?

Answer 29

Four

Question 30

(ACT) what is hypo 1-

Answer 30

anxiety impairs efficacy of central executive (attention-like)= limiting WMC

Question 31

(ACT) what is hypo 2-

Answer 31

anxiety impairs inhibition function

Question 32

inhibition function is key to function of the...

Answer 32

central executive

Question 33

(ACT) what is hypo 3-

Answer 33

anxiety impairs shifting function

Question 34

shifting function is key to function of the..

Answer 34

central executive

Question 35

(ACT) what is hypo 4-

Answer 35

anxiety impairs processing efficiency more than effectiveness

Question 36

(ACT)- anxiety increases allocation of attention ton

Answer 36

attention to threat-related stimuli

Question 37

(ACT)- the effects of anxiety should be ..... when anxiety levels are especially....

Answer 37

greater | high

Question 38

who suggested two attentional systems?

Answer 38

Corbetta, 2002

Question 39

what are the two attentional systems

Answer 39

exogenous (reflexive bottom up) Endogenous (cortical, top-down)

Question 40

what is exogenous (reflexive bottom up)

Answer 40

conscious awareness not required, imperative

Question 41

what is Endogenous (cortical, top-down)

Answer 41

match on-going needs; - monitor/maintain goal directed activities - deactivate inappropriate tasks - prepare activation of relevant tasks - on-going effective signals (role on ACC)

Question 42

what does ACC stand for

Answer 42

anterior cingulate cortex

Question 43

anxiety impairs efficient functioning of..

Answer 43

gola-directed (top-down) attentional system

Question 44

anxiety increases extent that processing is effected by....

Answer 44

stimulus driven (bottom-up) attentional systems

Question 45

how does anxiety effect stimulus driven (bottom up) attentional system?

Answer 45

automatic processing of threat-related stimulus

Question 46

automatic processing of threat-related stimulus decreases..

Answer 46

influence of goal-directed (top-down) attentional stimulus.

Question 47

is goal-directed top-down or bottom-up attentional system

Answer 47

top-down

Question 48

is stimulus-drive top-down or bottom-up attentional system

Answer 48

bottom-up

Question 49

what is the effect of reducing goal-directed attentional processing...

Answer 49

processes are affected by salient stimuli

Question 50

adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions....

Answer 50

inhibition and shifting

Question 51

inhibition is

Answer 51

ability to deliberately inhibit dominant, automatic responses when necessary

Question 52

how does INHIBITION happen

Answer 52

attentional control to resist disruption or interference from task-irrelevant responses

Question 53

what is shifting

Answer 53

shifting back & firth between multiple tasks, operations of mental sets

Question 54

how does SHIFTING occur?

Answer 54

adaptive changes in attentional control based on task demands

Question 55

who suggested what shifting & inhibition was?

Answer 55

Miyake, 2000

Question 56

anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness when it leads too..

Answer 56

Use of compensatory strategies (enhanced effort; increased processing resources)

Question 57

what ACT hypothesis did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): test?

Answer 57

hypothesis 3- shifting function is effected by anxiety

Question 58

what did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): do?

Answer 58

10 participants. free throws, 2 counterbalanced trails to manipulate anxiety

Question 59

what did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): find?

Answer 59

anxiety resulted in significant reduction in duration of QE & free throw success

Question 60

what did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): regarding attentional control

Answer 60

anxiety impaired goal directed AC (QE periods) to expense of stimulus--driven (more fixations of shorter duration)

Question 61

what does stimulus driven control do to QE

Answer 61

more fixations of a shorter duration on various targets

Question 62

Henderson, 2003- suggested that under certain conditions a shift in ... is invariably preceded by a .... in ....

Answer 62

1) gaze 2) shift 3) attention

Question 63

gaze behaviour tendencies are reliably altered when performers are... (who)

Answer 63

anxious (Janelle, 2002)

Question 64

when performers are anxious this leads to. *Search strategies (said who)

Answer 64

inefficient and ineffective search strategies (Janelle, 2002)

Question 65

What are the primary gas characteristics that appear to be responsible for performance fluctuations

Answer 65

inefficiency of visual search time needed to orientate and control visual gaze

Question 66

what is inefficiency of visual search

Answer 66

search rates increases and fixations towards irrelevant cues

Question 67

time needed to orientate and control visual gaze

Answer 67

QE periods

Question 68

who suggested the two primary gaze characteristics

Answer 68

Janelle & Hatfield, 2008

Question 69

anxiety is thought to promote ... (attention related)

Answer 69

attentional narrowing (Eysenck, 1992)

Question 70

.... is compromised when anxious ?

Answer 70

efficiency

Question 71

what is QE?

Answer 71

final fixations within 3deg for minimum of 100ms

Question 72

QE onset

Answer 72

occurs prior to the final movement in the task

Question 73

QE offset

Answer 73

when gaze deviated off 3deg for more than 100ms

Question 74

QE of elite performers is significantly .. than non-elite (who said)

Answer 74

longer (Raab, 2009)

Question 75

those who constantly achieve high performance levels have learned to (QE related)- (WHO)

Answer 75

fixate/track critical info for longer durations, irrespective of conditions (Raab, 2009)

Question 76

the neural mechanisms of QE is yet to be fully understood? (t or F)

Answer 76

True

Question 77

what is QE proposed to reflect (Janelle, 2000)

Answer 77

critical period of cog processing

Question 78

in QE's critical period of cog processing what happens

Answer 78

movements (force, directed & velocity are fine tuned & programmed (Janelle, 2000)

Question 79

longer QE periods allow... (WHO)

Answer 79

extended duration of response programming (Vickers, 1996)

Question 80

longer QE can..

Answer 80

minimise distracting from other environmental cues (Vickers, 1996)

Question 81

longer QE shows a prominent use off

Answer 81

top-down system (goal-directed)

Question 82

QE is affected by .... levels of .... & ....

Answer 82

high levels of performance pressure & anxiety

Question 83

who suggested QE is affected by performance pressure and anxiety

Answer 83

Vickers & Williams 2007

Question 84

QE period may be considered as being indicative off...

Answer 84

efficiency of visual orientation & sensitive to manipulations of threat

Question 85

shorter QE is characterised as

Answer 85

less efficient visual orientation

Question 86

optimal QE periods during stressful situations...

Answer 86

are likely to be reduced as performer adopts a less efficient strategy= poorer performance

Question 87

Wilson (2009) suggested that if an individual can be actively.... to maintain longer .... when experiencing ........ ....... the .... effects of ..... on performance may be .....

Answer 87

``` trained longer QE durations elevated anxiety negative effects attenuated ```

Question 88

in PET & ACT anxiety has been shown to ....

Answer 88

reduce efficiency of gaze behaviour in motor tasks involving visual search & detection & aiming tasks

Question 89

who suggested that in PET & ACT anxiety ... reduce efficiency of gaze behaviour in motor tasks involving visual search & detection & aiming tasks

Answer 89

Wilson et al, 2009

Question 90

what did vickers & Williams 2007 suggest helped insulate athletes from normal debilitating effects of anxiety..

Answer 90

allocating attention externally to critical task info

Question 91

what was the aim of Behan & Wilsons (2008) study?

Answer 91

examine how individuals control their gaze behaviour during far aiming task & if perceptions was disputed with anxiety

Question 92

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- methods ?

Answer 92

20 participants, stimulated archery task

Question 93

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- results ?

Answer 93

accuracy was effected by duration of QE

Question 94

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- methods ? longer QE was associate with

Answer 94

better performance

Question 95

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- conclusion?

Answer 95

QE is sensitive to increased anxiety & many be useful index of efficiency of visual orientation in aiming tasks