attitudes and attitude change

Question 1

what are attitudes?

Answer 1

a general evaluation that can be positive and negative about a person, object, etc

Question 2

what is an attitude object?

Answer 2

thing we have attitude about

Question 3

who were researchers who looked into the three component model of attitudes and when did they do it?

Answer 3

Rosenberg and Hovland

1960

Question 4

what is the three component model of attitudes?

Answer 4

affective - expressions of feelings

cognitive - expressions of beliefs

behavioural - overt actions/verbal statements concerning behaviour

Question 5

what is an example of a simple dimension of an attitude?

Answer 5

“dogs are so sociable”

Question 6

what is an example of a complex dimension of an attitude?

Answer 6

“dogs look cute and friendly” but “I hate the way they smell”

Question 7

are complex dimensions of attitudes consistent or inconsistent?

Answer 7

both

Question 8

how do attitudes become stronger/weaker?

Answer 8

attitudes become stronger - more extreme positive or negative - if they are complex and evaluated consistently

if they are inconsistent, they become weaker or moderate as they become more complex

Question 9

Who investigated the functions of attitudes and when?

Answer 9

Katz

1960

Question 10

What did Katz (1960) say the function of attitudes was?

Answer 10

knowledge function

utilitarian function

ego-defensive

value expressive

Question 11

what is the knowledge function of attitudes?

Answer 11

organise and predict social world

provide sense of meaning and coherence

Question 12

what is the utilitarian function of attitudes?

Answer 12

help people achieve positive outcomes and avoid negative outcomes

Question 13

what is the ego-defensive function of attitudes?

Answer 13

protecting one’s self-esteem from harmful world

Question 14

what is the value-expressive function of attitudes?

Answer 14

facilitate expression of one’s core value and self-concept

Question 15

what are the different theories of where attitudes come from?

Answer 15

mere exposure effect

learnt from others (social learning)

self-perception theory

Question 16

who created the mere exposure effect and when?

Answer 16

robert zajonc

1968

Question 17

what is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 17

repeated exposure of stimulus - enhancement of preference for that stimulus

participants more likely to say that familiar novel words meant something positive

Question 18

what are the two conditionings within the learnt from others theory?

Answer 18

classical conditioning

instrumental conditioning

Question 19

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 19

repeated association - previously neutral stimulus elicits reaction that was previously elicited only by another stimulus

celebrity endorsement - transfer positive image of the celebrity to the product

Question 20

what is instrumental conditioning?

Answer 20

behaviour followed by positive consequences - more likely to be repeated

behaviour followed by negative consequences - less likely to be repeated

reinforcement with positive feedback = attitude likely survives

Question 21

who created the self-perception theory and when?

Answer 21

Bem

1972

Question 22

what is the self-perception theory?

Answer 22

gain knowledge of ourselves by making self-attributions

infer attitudes from our behaviour

Question 23

what is the challenge with attitudes?

Answer 23

can’t been seen (measured) directly

challenge to measure them reliably (consistent results over time) and validly (measuring attitudes not something else)

Question 24

how can attitudes be measures?

Answer 24

self-report and experimental paradigms

physiological measures

measures of overt behaviour

Question 25

what are the self-report and experimental paradigms that can be used to measure attitudes?

Answer 25

attitude scales implicit association task

Question 26

what physiological measures can be used to measure attitudes?

Answer 26

skin resistance heart rate pupil dilation

Question 27

what measures of overt behaviour can be used?

Answer 27

frequency of behaviour trends and preferences over various objects non-verbal behaviour

Question 28

why do we want to know about attitudes?

Answer 28

core of self-concept (hobbies, beliefs, politics, music) understand why and predict how people behave (could be a mismatch)

Question 29

who completed a famous study on racial prejudice and when?

Answer 29

LaPiere 1934

Question 30

what was LaPiere's (1934) study on racial prejudice?

Answer 30

when a Chinese couple visited more than 250 restaurants, coffee shops and hotels, they received service 95% of the time without hesitation however in response to letter of inquiry afterwards, 92% of establishments replied saying they wouldn't accept members of the Chinese race

Question 31

what were the problems with LaPiere's (1934) study?

Answer 31

specifics - are same people involved time - behaviour came first attitude strength and direct experience - simply yes/no doesn't show complications of life

Question 32

what did Wicker (1969) say about the attitude-behaviour relationship?

Answer 32

attitudes weakly correlated with behaviour average correlation was .15 in a meta-analysis with 42 studies

Question 33

what did Gregson and Stacey (1981) say about the attitude-behaviour relationship?

Answer 33

small positive correlation between (general) attitudes and alcohol consumption

Question 34

what did Sheeran et al (2016) say about the attitude-behaviour relationship?

Answer 34

medium-to-large-sized changes in intentions are associated with only small-to-medium-sized behavioural changes

Question 35

what is the general thinking about the attitude-behaviour relationship?

Answer 35

attitudes do predict but the relationship is weaker than first envisaged

Question 36

what things impact how well atttitudes predict behaviour?

Answer 36

how strong attitude is whether it is formed through direct experience how it is measured - how specific questions are, how closely the questions (intentions) relate to the behaviours

Question 37

what is the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 37

we can make decisions and behave based on rational thought processes multiple components

Question 38

who conducted a study on whether the TPB replicated across cultures and when?

Answer 38

Cho and Lee 2015

Question 39

what did Cho and Lee's (2015) study about whether TPB replicated across cultures show?

Answer 39

polled Korean and US participants and found strong evidence for theoretical constructs but also boundary conditions personal control had a stronger associations with intentions in an individualistic national culture than a collective subjective norms had a stronger predictive power in a collectivist nation than individualistic ones

Question 40

how are individualistic cultures behaviours determined?

Answer 40

by self-perceptions or internal beliefs

Question 41

how are collectivist cultures behaviours determined?

Answer 41

by social group pressure

Question 42

who investigated cognitive dissonance and when?

Answer 42

Festinger 1957

Question 43

what is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 43

"unpleasant state of psychological tension generated when a person has two or more cognitions [thoughts] that are inconsistent and don't fit together" inconsistent thoughts and how to deal with them - strive to reduce dissonance

Question 44

what affect does counter-attitudinal behaviour have?

Answer 44

feel discomfort/dissonance

Question 45

what was the study that investigated cognitive dissonance?

Answer 45

control = lied then said wouldn't do it again and wasn't enjoyable $1 = lied then said would do again, enjoyable (have cognitive dissonance) $20 = lied then ambivalent

Question 46

what are the three strategies for reducing cognitive dissonance?

Answer 46

reduce importance (cognition) add an element (rationalising it) change one element (change behaviour)

Question 47

what is an example of reducing the importance when it comes to smoking?

Answer 47

"I know lots of people who have smoked all their lives and they haven't got lung cancer"

Question 48

what is an example of adding an element when it comes to smoking?

Answer 48

"I'm addicted, I can't help it. I need to smoke or the stress I'll suffer will be just as unhealthy"

Question 49

what is an example of changing an element when it comes to smoking?

Answer 49

"I'll stop smoking"

Question 50

what are the two dual-process models?

Answer 50

elaboration likelihood model heuristic-systematic model

Question 51

who first suggested the elaboration likelihood model and when?

Answer 51

Petty and Cacioppo 1986

Question 52

what are the two routes in the elaboration likelihood model?

Answer 52

central route peripheral route

Question 53

what is the central route (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986)

Answer 53

when message is followed closely, considerable cognitive effort expended argument quality, analytical

Question 54

what is the peripheral route (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986)?

Answer 54

when arguments not well attended to, peripheral cues not - low effort

Question 55

who first suggested the heuristic-systematic model and when?

Answer 55

Chaiken 1980

Question 56

what are the two routes in the heuristic-systematic model?

Answer 56

systematic processing heuristic processing

Question 57

what is systematic processing (Chaiken, 1980)?

Answer 57

when a message is attended to carefully, scan and consider available arguments

Question 58

what is heuristic processing (Chaiken, 1980)?

Answer 58

use cognitive heuristics

Question 59

what is the key difference between the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic-systematic model?

Answer 59

pathways elaboration likelihood model = pathways independent heuristic-systematic model = pathways could be active at the same time