Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards by Bryn Longcroft-Harris

The axial skeleton is made up of…

Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage

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The appendicular skeleton is made up of…

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb

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Mandible

The only movable bone in the skull

Lower jaw bone

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Skull without the mandible is called the..

Cranium

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Zygomatic bones

Cheekbones

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Maxillae

Upper jaw

Two bones but fused together

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Bregma

Where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture

The frontal bone meets the 2 parietal bones

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Lambda

Where the lambdoid suture meets the sagittal suture (the occipital bone meets the 2 parietal bones

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Foramen magnum

Large opening for spinal chord at base of the skull

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Occipital condyles

Provide articular surfaces for the first cervical vertebra (atlas)
Resting spots

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Classification and numbers of vertebrae

7 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused, form sacrum)
4 coccygeal (fused, form coccyx)

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Primary curvatures

Present in fetus
Thoracic and sacral
Remain from the C shape

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Secondary curvatures

Develop after birth
Cervical (when infant starts lifting its head) and lumbar (when it begins to walk)
Becomes S shaped

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Lordosis

Inward curve

Cervical and lumbar curves

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Kyphosis

Outward curve

Thoracic and sacral curves

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Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (C or S shaped)

Thoracic cage (consists of, and function)

Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebrae
Protects viscera, supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs, intercostal muscles are active during breathing

True ribs

Ribs 1-7

Attach anteriorly directly to the sternum through their costal cartilages

False ribs

Ribs 8-10

Attach to the sternum through costal cartilages above them

Floating ribs

Ribs 11 and 12

Do not attach to the sternum

Typical ribs

Ribs 2-9
Attaches to the: bodies of two vertebrae (the corresponding vertebra and the one above), transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, sternum

Atypical ribs

1, 10, 11, 12

Only attached to the one vertebra that corresponds to the rib number

The pectoral girdle consists of…

A scapula (shoulder blade)
Clavicle (collar bone)

Shoulder (pectoral) girdle

Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
The only bony connection of the upper limb to the trunk is the clavicle (attaches to acromion on scapula)

Humerus

Bone in the arm | Has head, greater and lesser tubercules, anatomical and surgical necks, shaft, and two condyles (medial and lateral)

Radius and ulna

Bones in the forearm Radius is lateral Head of the radius is proximal Head of the ulna is distal

Bones in the hand

Carpal (wrist) bones: 8 Metacarpals: 5 Phalanges: 14 (thumb only has 2)

Pelvic girdle

Consists of two hip bones and sacrum Attaches the lower limbs to the spine Carries the weight of the upper body Supports viscera

Hip bone is composed of which 3 fused bones that fuse at the ___

Pubis, Ilium, Ischium | Fuse at the acetabulum

Femur

Bone of the thigh | Has head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, shaft, and two condyles (medial and lateral)

Patella

Knee cap | Small sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint and improves the muscle action across the knee

Sesamoid bones

Within the tendons and can move easily | Ex: patella

Tibia and fibia

Bones of the leg Tibia: main weight bearing bone Fibia: slender bone lateral to tibia The distal ends of fibula and tibia form the lateral and medial malleoli

Bones in the foot

Tarsals: 7 Metatarsals: 5 Phalanges: 14 (big toe only has 2)

Lambdoid suture

Between occipital and parietal bones

Fontanelle

Gaps between cranial bones in fetuses and neonates that are covered by membranes