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Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue definition

A

A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure
Building blocks of the body’s organs

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2
Q

4 Basic tissue types and functions

A
  1. Epithelial tissue (covering and lining)
  2. Connective tissue (support)
  3. Muscle tissue (movement, contractility)
  4. Nervous tissue (control, excitability)
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3
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
Forms parts of most glands
Protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

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4
Q

5 special characteristics of epithelia

A

Cellularity (minimal extracellular material)
Specialized contacts (3 types of junctions)
Polarity (apical and basal surface)
Avascular but innervated (get nutrients from underlying connective tissue)
Regeneration (lost cells are quickly replaced)

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5
Q

3 types of junctions and their function

A
  1. Tight junctions - impermeable (nothing can pass through, “sewn” together)
  2. Desmosomes - tissue (linker proteins) between cells anchors the cells together
  3. Gap junctions - pore between the cells so the cytoplasm and molecules can be transferred
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6
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

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7
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Multiple layers of cells

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8
Q

3 names used to describe the shape of cells

A

Squamous (cells are wider than tall)
Cuboidal (cells are as wide as tall, like cubes)
Columnar (cells are taller than they are wide, like columns)

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9
Q

Simple squamous epithelium (description, function, and location)

A

Single layer; flat cells with disc shaped nuclei
Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart/blood/lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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10
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (description, function, and location)

A

Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Secretion and absorption
Kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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11
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

description, function, and location

A

May contain goblet cells
Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
Nonciliated and ciliated form

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12
Q

Nonciliated versus ciliated simple columnar epithelium locations

A

Nonciliated: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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13
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

description, function, and location

A

All cells originate at the basement membrane, but only tall cells reach the apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells (gives false impression of stratification)
Secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
Nonciliated: ducts of male reproductive tubes and large glands
Ciliated: lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

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14
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

The Goblet Cell - they are glands by themselves
Mucus secreting cells (mucin + water = mucus)
Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces

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15
Q

Kartagener’s Syndrome

A

Immotile cilia syndrome (cilia cannot move enough)
Inherited disease
Non functional cilia
Frequent respiratory infections (mucus stays in resp tract)
Infertility because the ova is not moving

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16
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium

A

Many layers of cells are squamous in shape
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
Thickest epithelial tisse (adapted for protection from abrasion)
Regenerate from below (basal layer)
Named according to shape of cells at apical layer

17
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A 
Two types (keratinized and nonkeratinized)
Forms lining of mucous membranes (esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra)
18
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Located in the epidermis
Contains the protective protein keratin
Waterproof
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin

19
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Forms moist lining of body openings

20
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium (description, location, function)

A

Generally two layers of cube shaped cells
Protection
Forms ducts of: mammary glands, salivary glands, and largest sweat glands

21
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium (description, location, function)

A

Several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated
Protection and secretion
Rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

22
Q

Transitional epithelium (description, location, function)

A

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
Basal cells cuboidal or columnar
Surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on
degree of organ stretch
Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

23
Q

4 Main classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood

24
Q

4 Important functions of connective tissue types

A

Form basis of the skeleton
Store and carry nutrients
Surround blood vessels and nerves
Lead fight against infection

25
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Common embryonic origin of connective tissue

26
Q

Connective tissue fibers

A

Fibers function in support and also have unique properties

3 types

27
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen fibers: strongest, resist tension
Reticular fibers: bundles of special type of collagen
Elastic fibers: contain elastin, recoil after stretching

28
Q

Connective tissue ground substance

A

Gel-like substance consisting of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (sugar and protein molecules)
Cushions and protects body structures
Holds tissue fluid
Blood is an exception (plasm is not produced by the blood cells)

29
Q

2 subclasses of connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, and reticular

Dense connective tissue: collagen and elastic

30
Q

Areolar connective tissue (description, function, location)

A

Main battlefield in fight against infection
Defenders gather at infection site (macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, white blood cells)
All 3 types of fibers provide support
Fibroblasts product the fibers and ground substance
Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid
Widely distributed under epithelia of body

31
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are parallel to the direction of pull
Have more collagen than areolar connective tissue
Fibroblasts are located between collagen fibers
Poorly vascularized
Tendons, ligaments, etc

32
Q

3 covering and lining membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane (covers body surface)
  2. Mucous membrane (line body cavities that are open to the exterior)
  3. Serous membrane (line body cavities that are closed to the exterior)
33
Q

Serous membrane

A

Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium lying on areolar connective tissue
Produces serous fluid

Anatomy (30 decks)

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