Placentation, embryo integration, gastrulation

Question 1

Cytotrophoblast

Answer 1

Cells of the trophoblast that line the wall of the blastocyst retain their cell membranes and become the cytotrophoblast

Question 2

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 2

Synthesized by the syncytiotrophoblast following implantation
Promotes the maintenance of corpus luteum during pregnancy (produces progesterone)

Question 3

Progesterone

Answer 3

Enriches the uterus with thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries

Question 4

3 main functions of the placenta

Answer 4

1. Metabolism (synthesis of glycogen, fatty acids, cholesterol)
2. Transfer (gases and nutrients)
3. Endocrine secretion (progesterone, estrogen, HCG, HCS)

Question 5

Extraembryonic mesoderm

Answer 5

Lines the outer surface of the amnion and yolk sac, as well as the inner surface of the trophoblast

Question 6

Chorion

Answer 6

Outer wall of blastocyst

Contains a layer of mesoderm

Question 7

Placenta is made out of the…

4 structures

Answer 7

Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Associated extraembryonic mesoderm
Uterus

Question 8

Primitive streak

Answer 8

Contains primitive pit, node and groove
Where ingressing epiblast cells move through to form the mesoderm
Critical for organizing the embryo
Cells of the epiblast start detaching and moving through this hole
Push out the hypoblast and form the endoderm instead

Question 9

Somites

Answer 9

Start of skeletal muscle and skeleton

Question 10

What do the intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm contribute to?

Answer 10

A lot of our internal organs

Question 11

Prechordal plate

Answer 11

Involved in the induction of the NS

Question 12

What do the 5 types of mesoderm give rise to?

1. Axial
2. Paraxial
3. Cardiogenic
4. Intermediate
5. Lateral plate

Answer 12

1. Notochord
2. Somites
3. Heart
4. Kidneys and genitals
5. Pleura, pericardia, peritoneum

Question 13

Placodal ectoderm

Answer 13

Gives rise to sensory nerves and ganglia of the head and neck

Question 14

Neural crest

Answer 14

Migratory population - from the back to front of embryo

Structures of head, neck, sympathetic ganglia, NS of the gut

Question 15

Ectoderm derivatives

Answer 15

Skin, hair and nails
Central and peripheral NS
Sensory epithelium of ear, nose, and eye
Hypophysis (pituitary)
Enamel of teeth
Neural crest (gives rise to many different tissues)

Question 16

Mesoderm derivatives

Answer 16

Muscles
Bone (vertebrae, limbs, some cranial bones)
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Blood 
Kidneys
Lymph and blood vessels
Gonads
Adrenal cortex
Spleen

Question 17

Endoderm derivatives

Answer 17

1. Epithelium (gut tube, respiratory system, bladder, urethra, tympanic cavity and Eustachian tube)
2. Parenchyme (tonsil, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, liver, pancreas)