Introduction: Terms, Cavities, Membranes, Imaging

Question 1

Axial region

Answer 1

Axis of body

Head, neck and trunk

Question 2

Appendicular region

Answer 2

Appendages

Legs and arms

Question 3

Anatomical position

Answer 3

Stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body

Question 4

Superior versus inferior

Answer 4

Up versus down
Head is superior to the neck
Knee is inferior to the heart

Question 5

Anterior versus posterior

Answer 5

Front versus back

Palm is anterior to the back of the hand (remember anatomical position

Question 6

Medial versis lateral

Answer 6

Close to the middle verus far

The heart is medial to the shoulder

Question 7

Superficial versus deep

Answer 7

Close to the surface of the body versus deep

Bones are deeper than skin

Question 8

Contralateral versus ipsilateral

Answer 8

On opposite sides versus on the same side

Question 9

Frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 9

Lies vertically

Cuts body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 10

Transverse plane

Answer 10

Runs horizontally

Cuts body into superior and inferior parts

Question 11

Sagittal planes

Answer 11

Vertical
Cut into left and right parts
Midsagittal is right in the middle, and parasagittal is slightly to the side

Question 12

Notochord

Answer 12

Embryonic structure that triggers off the development of the brain
Most of it is gone in the developed human

Question 13

Dorsal body cavity

Answer 13

Contains cranial and vertebral cavity (brain and spinal chord)

Question 14

Ventral body cavity

Answer 14

Divided into thoracic ad abdominalpelvic cavity by the diaphragm

Question 15

Thoracic cavity

Answer 15

Divided into 3 parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
And the heart cavity

Question 16

Mediastinum

Answer 16

Contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Question 17

Abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 17

Divided into 2 parts
Abdominal cavity - contains liver, stomach, kidneys, etc
Pelvic cavity - contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Question 18

Serous cavities

Answer 18

A slitlike space lined by a serous membrane

Ex: pleura, pericadium, and peritoneum

Question 19

Parietal versus visceral serosa

Answer 19

Outer wall of the cavity versus membrane that covers the visceral organs

Question 20

Serous fluic

Answer 20

Produced by both layers of the serous membranes

Question 21

Artifacts

Answer 21

Minor distortions of preserved tissues

Not exactly like living tissues and organs

Question 22

X ray

Answer 22

Electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
But not in 3D :(

Question 23

Contrast X rays

Answer 23

Barium is used to study digestive tract (swallow, meal, meal follow through, or enema - depends on where you want to see)

Question 24

Computed (axial) tomography

Answer 24

Successive X rays around a person’s full circumference (series of transverse sections)
Computer translates into a detailed picture of the body
Same radiation as X rays

Question 25

Digital subtraction angiography

Answer 25

Contrast medium highlights vessel structure
Images taken before and after contrast injection
Computer subtracts before from after to identify blockage of arteries to heart wall and brain

Question 26

Positron emission tomography

Answer 26

Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Especially useful for cancer studies
Isotope is picked up by cells that are the most active**

Question 27

Sonography

Answer 27

Ultrasound imaging: body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues

Question 28

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 28

Produces high-quality images of soft tissues
Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content
Bone is one of the driest tissues - doesnt cause a shadow