Axial Bones

Question 1

Vertebrae

Body/Centrium

Answer 1

anterior region of each vertebra; weight bearing strucutre of almost all vertebra

Question 2

Vertebrae

Lamina (2)

Answer 2

extend posteromedially from the posterior edge of each pedicle

Question 3

Vertebrae

Vertebral arch/Neural arch

lamina + pedicle

Answer 3

posterior to the vertebral body; enclose vertebral foramen with body

Question 4

Vertebrae

Vertebral canal

Answer 4

all stacked vertebral foramina form a superior to inferior directed canal that contains the spinal cord.

Question 5

Vertebrae

Transverse process (2)

Answer 5

lateral projections on both sides of the vertebral arch

Question 6

Vertebrae

Spinous process (1)

Answer 6

projects posteriorly from the left and right laminae; can be palpated through the skin of the back.

Question 7

Vertebrae

Pedicle (2)

Answer 7

originate from posterolateral margins of the body

Question 8

Vertebrae

Vertebral foramen

Answer 8

together the vertebral arch and body enclose this roughly circular opening

Question 9

Vertebrae

Intervertebral foramen (only when stacked)

Answer 9

lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae; provide a horizontally directed passageway through which spinal nerves travel to other parts of the body

Question 10

Vertebrae

Superior and inferior articular processes (4 total)

Answer 10

each vertebra has articular processes on both its superior and inferior surfaces that project from the junction between the pedicles and laminae.

inferior articular processes of each vertebra articulate with the superior articular processes of the vertebra immediately inferior to it.

Question 11

Vertebrae

Intervertebral discs

Answer 11

pads of fibrocartilage that separate adjacent vertical bodies; composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage, called the anulus fibrous, and an inner circular region, called nucleus pulposus

Question 12

Characteristics of 7 Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 12

Relatively small,

kidney bean shaped,

no costal facets for ribs

transverse foramina present (except sometimes for C7)

transverse processes are small: C3-C6 often bifid (contain transverse foramina)

angle of articular facets: anteroinferior - posterosuperior

spinous process: slender (C2-C6 are often bifid)

C1 has no spinous process

Question 13

Characteristics for Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Answer 13

medium sized,

heart shaped,

costal facets for rib present on body and transverse processes,

transverse foramina not present

transverse processes are medium sized

Angle of Articular Facets: anteromedial and posterolateral

Spinous processes: long, most project inferiorly

Question 14

Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

Answer 14

large, round/oval

costal facets for ribs not present,

no transverse foramina

Transverse processes: large, thick, and blunt

Angle of articular facets: lateral and medial

Spinous processes: short (thick and blunt), project posteriorly

Question 15

Sacrum

Answer 15

an anteriorly curved, somewhat triangular bone that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity,

composed of 5 fused sacral vertebrae

Question 16

Auricular surface

Answer 16

on the lateral surface of the ala; marks the site of articulation with the ox coxae or pelvic girdle

Question 17

Sacrum base

Answer 17

the bone’s broad superior surface

Question 18

Ala

Answer 18

meaning “wing”; located on each lateral surface of the sacrum

Question 19

Posterior sacral foramina

Answer 19

four pairs of opening for spinal nerves; located on the dorsal surface of the sacrum

Question 20

Mid-sacral crest

Answer 20

a dorsal ridge formed by the fusion of the spinous processes of individual sacral vertebrae

Question 21

Sacral promontary

Answer 21

anteriosuperior edge of the first sacral vertebra bulges anteriorly into the pelvic cavity

Question 22

Apex

Answer 22

a narrow, pointed portion of the bone that projects inferiorly

Question 23

Sacral spinal canal

Answer 23

where the vertebral canal becomes much narrower and continues through the sacrum

Question 24

Anterior sacral foramina

Answer 24

permit the passage of nerves to the pelvic organs

Question 25

Sacral hiatus

Answer 25

the inferior opening where the sacral canal terminates; represents an area where the laminae of the last sacral vertebra failed to fuse

Question 26

Coccyx (4/5)

Answer 26

an attachment site for several ligaments and some muscles

Question 27

Clavicle sternal end

Answer 27

median end; roughly pyramidal in shape and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, forming the sternoclavicular joint.

Question 28

Clavicle acromial end

Answer 28

lateral end; broad and flattened, articulates with the acromion of the scapula, fomring the acromioclavicular joint

Question 29

True ribs (1-7)

Answer 29

at the anterior body wall, articulate individually to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions called costal cartilage

Question 30

False ribs (8-12)

Answer 30

costal cartilages do not attach directly to the sternum; costal cartilage fuse to the costal cartilage of rib 7 and thus indirectly articulate with the sternum.

Question 31

False and floating ribs (11 and 12)

Answer 31

the last two parts of false ribs are known as floating because they have no connection with the sternum

Question 32

Costal cartilages

Answer 32

bars of hyeline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax; only found at anterior ends of ribs

Question 33

Head

Answer 33

where the vertebral end of a typical rib articulates with the vertebral column

Question 34

Neck

Answer 34

lies between the head and the tubercle

Question 35

Articular tubercle/Costal tubercle

Answer 35

Articular: lower and more medial; presents a small oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected Costal: a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle

Question 36

Costal angle

Answer 36

indicates the site where the tubular shaft begins curving anteriorly toward the sternum

Question 37

Body/Shaft

Answer 37

flat and curved; internal surface has a groove for neurovascular supply of the thorax, protecting vessels and nerves from damage

Question 38

Costal groove

Answer 38

groove along the inferior internal border of which marks the path of intercostal nerves and blood vessels to the thoracic wall

Question 39

Sternal end

Answer 39

look it up

Question 40

Manubrium

Answer 40

widest and most superior portion of the sternum; "handle" of the bony sword

Question 41

Jugular notch/Suprasternal notch

Answer 41

shallow superior indentation between the clavicular notches

Question 42

Sternal angle

Answer 42

horizontal ridge that may be pappated under the skin where the body and manubrium articulate

Question 43

Clavicular notches

Answer 43

two notches that articulate the sternum with the left and right clavicles

Question 44

Body/gladiolus

Answer 44

longest part of the sternum and forms its bulk; the "blade" of the bony sword

Question 45

Xiphoid process

Answer 45

the very tip of the "sword blade"; small, inferiorly pointed projection is cartilaginous and often doesn't ossify until the age of 40

Question 46

Costal notches

Answer 46

pair of notches that represent articulations for the first ribs' costal cartilages