Urinary System

Question 1

Kidney

Answer 1

two bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres (4 1⁄2 inches) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins.

Question 2

Kidney - Renal capsule

Answer 2

a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a layer of perirenal fat known as the adipose capsule of kidney. The adipose capsule is sometimes included in the structure of the renal capsule. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.

Question 3

Kidney - Hilus/Hilum

Answer 3

an indentation in the surface of a kidney, spleen, or other organ, where blood vessels, ducts, nerve fibers, etc. enter or leave it.

Question 4

Kidney - Renal artery and vein

Answer 4

The renal artery enters through the hilum, which is located where the kidney curves inward in a concave shape. Under normal circumstances, once the renal artery enters through the hilum, it splits into two main branches, which each then split into numerous smaller arteries, which deliver blood to different areas of the kidneys, known as nephrons.

There are two renal veins, a left and a right. They branch off the inferior vena cava and drain oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys.

Question 5

Ureter

Answer 5

the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder or cloaca.

Question 6

Ureter (histo)

Answer 6

Question 7

Ureter (histo)

Answer 7

Question 8

Ureter mucosa (histo)

Answer 8

Question 9

Urinary bladder

Answer 9

a hollow muscular organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.

Question 10

Urinary bladder - Detrusor muscle

Answer 10

smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder. The detrusor muscle remains relaxed to allow the bladder to store urine, and contracts during urination to release urine.

Question 11

Urinary bladder - Trigone

Answer 11

a triangular region or tissue, particularly the area at the base of the urinary bladder, between the openings of the ureters and urethra.

Question 12

Urinary bladder (histo)

Answer 12

Question 13

Urinary bladder mucosa (histo)

Answer 13

Question 14

Urinary bladder mucosa (histo)

Answer 14

Question 15

Urethra

Answer 15

a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body of both females and males

Question 16

Urethra - Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 16

a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is located at the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder and is continuous with the detrusor muscle, but anatomically and functionally fully independent from it.

involuntary smooth muscle

Question 17

Urethra - External urethral sphincter

Answer 17

more inferiorly located external urethral sphincter surrounds the membranous or intermediate part of the urethra. It is formed from skeletal muscle and therefore is under voluntary control. In their resting state, both sphincters compress or close the urethra, providing urinary continence

voluntary skeletal muscle

Question 18

Urethra - Prostatic urethra

Answer 18

the part of the urethra that passes through the prostate. It is about 3-4 cm long and extends from the base of the bladder, just below the pre-prostatic urethra, to the membranous part of the urethra.

Question 19

Urethra - Membranous urethra

Answer 19

intermediate part of male urethra is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the urinary meatus, the narrowest part of the urethra.

Question 20

Urethra - Spongy/penile urethra

Answer 20

the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum of the penis.

Question 21

Internal Kidney - Cortex

Answer 21

the outer part of the kidney. It contains the glomerulus and convoluted tubules. The renal cortex is surrounded on its outer edges by the renal capsule, a layer of fatty tissue

Question 22

Internal kidney - Medulla

Answer 22

the inner region of the parenchyma of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the renal pyramids, which are triangle structures that contain a dense network of nephrons.

Question 23

Medulla - Renal pyramids

Answer 23

kidney tissues that are shaped like cones

Question 24

Medulla - Renal columns

Answer 24

a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored

Question 25

Medulla - Renal papillae

Answer 25

the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid

Question 26

Internal kidney - Renal pelvis

Answer 26

enlarged upper end of the ureter, the tube through which urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The pelvis, which is shaped somewhat like a funnel that is curved to one side, is almost completely enclosed in the deep indentation on the concave side of the kidney, the sinus.

Question 27

Internal kidney - Major calyx

Answer 27

a cup-shaped part of kidney's renal pelvis that surrounds the renal papilla. It refers to a fusion of the minor calyxes in the body. It is a section of the kidney that is actually a division of the pelvis into 2-3 tubes that are divided into a number of minor calyces

Question 28

Internal kidney - Minor calyx

Answer 28

The minor calices join to form a major calyx, which in turn unite to form the renal pelvis which exit the kidney to form the ureters. The calyx system of the kidney serves to drain urine

Question 29

Nephron - Renal corpuscle GREEN - BOWMAN'S CAPSULE BLUE - GLOMERULUS

Answer 29

consists of Bowman's capsule and glomerular capillaries, responsible for plasma filtration (image A) & (image B). Glomerulus

Question 30

Nephron - Renal tubules GREEN - proximal convoluted tubule BLUE - distal convoluted tubule

Answer 30

each of the long, fine, convoluted tubules conveying urine from the glomeruli to the renal pelvis in the vertebrate kidney. Water and salts are reabsorbed into the blood along their length.

Question 31

Nephron - Renal tubules GREEN - collecting duct

Answer 31

Question 32

Nephron - Renal tubules Nephron loop/Loop of Henle

Answer 32

Question 33

Blood vessels - Renal artery and vein

Question 34

Blood vessels - Segmental artery

Answer 34

Question 35

Blood vessels - Interlobar artery and vein

Answer 35

Question 36

Blood vessels - Arcuate artery and vein

Answer 36

located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla

Question 37

Blood vessels - Cortical radiate artery and vein

Answer 37

Question 38

Blood vessels - Afferent arteriole

Answer 38

the arteriole that brings blood to the glomerulus. It is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole

Question 39

Blood vessels - Efferent arteriole

Answer 39

in this case meaning carrying blood out away from the glomerulus.

Question 40

Blood vessels - Peritubular capillaries

Answer 40

tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.

Question 41

Blood vessels - Vasa recta

Answer 41

a series of blood vessels in the blood supply of the kidney that enter the medulla as the straight arterioles, and leave the medulla to ascend to the cortex as the straight venules.