Special Senses

Question 1

Eye - Conjuctiva (Bulbar)

Answer 1

covers the anterior part of the sclera (white of the eye); stops at the junction between the sclera and the cornea

Question 2

Eye - Conjuctiva (Palpebral)

Answer 2

covers the inner surface of both upper and lower eyelids

Question 3

Lacrimal Gland

Answer 3

bilobed, tear shaped gland that with the primary function of secreting the aqueous portion of the tear film, thereby maintaining the ocular surface

Question 4

Fibrous tunic - Cornea

Answer 4

front center part of the external tunic; functions as the eye’s window which lets the light in and bends the rays for better focusing power

Question 5

Fibrous tunic - Sclera

Answer 5

covers nearly the entire surface of the eyeball; external surface being white colored

“white of the eye”

Question 6

Vascular tunic - Iris

Answer 6

anterior most portion of the vascular tunic; functions as a moveable diaphragm between the anterior and posterior chambers

Question 7

Vascular tunic - Choroid

Answer 7

takes up the posterior 5/6 of the bulb and is mainly comprised of blood vessels; main functions are oxygen supply and nutrition for the eye

Question 8

Vascular tunic - Ciliary body/muscle

Answer 8

holds suspensory ligaments that attach to the lens and change lens shape for far and near vision; epithelium secretes aqueous humor

Question 9

Vascular tunic - Suspensory ligaments

Answer 9

delicate fibrous membrane, composed of collagen fibers, which holds the lens of the eye in place

Question 10

Vascular tunic - Pupil

Answer 10

middle of the iris; constricts or dilates in order to regulate the amount of light entering the eye

Question 11

Nervous tunic - Neural retina

and

3 layers of cells

Answer 11

1. photoreceptors (cones and rods)
2. bipolar neurons

3, ganglion cells

nervous tissue responsible for photoreception

Question 12

Nervous tunic - Pigmented epithelial layer

Answer 12

flat layer of epithelial cells; cover the ciliary body and posterior surface of the iris

Question 13

Optic nerve

How does this relate to the blind spot?

Answer 13

transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses

axons that extend from the ganglionic cells into and through the optic disc converge to form the optic nerve as they exit the eye and extend toward the brain. the optic disk lacks photoreceptors, and consequently is called the blind spot becasue there are no receptors to detect an image that might fall there

Question 14

Macula lutea

Answer 14

small yellowish area of the retina near the optic disk that provides central vision

Question 15

Fovea centralis

What is the characteristic of this site?

Answer 15

small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. located in the macula lutea of the retina and responsible for sharp central vision

Question 16

Lens

Answer 16

changes the focal distance of the eye; focuses the light rays that pass through it (and onto the retina) in order to create clear images of objects that are positioned at various distances

Question 17

Anterior cavity - Aqueous humor

What are the two subdivisions?

Answer 17

front third of the eye that includes structures in front of the vitreous humor: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens

AH: fills the spaces within the anterior cavity and provides nutrients to surrounding structures

Two chambers:

1. Anterior chamber: between the posterior surface of the cornea and iris
2. Posterior chamber: between the iris and front face of the vitreous

Question 18

Posterior cavity - Vitreous humor

Answer 18

back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve

VH: transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the retina; helps support the shape of the eye and transmits light to the retina

Question 19

External ear - Auricle

Answer 19

visible part of the ear that’s outside the head

Question 20

External ear - External auditory meatus

Answer 20

passageway that leads from outside the head to the tympanic membrane, eardrum membrane; helps conduct soundwaves

Question 21

External ear - Tympanic membrane/Tympanum

Answer 21

called eardrum, thin layer of tissue in the human ear that receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles, which are tiny bones

Question 22

Middle ear - Malleus

Answer 22

small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus

Question 23

Middle ear - Incus

Answer 23

a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

Question 24

Middle ear - Stapes

Answer 24

a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

Question 25

Middle ear - Auditory tube

Answer 25

tube that runs from the middle ear to the pharynx; to protect, aerate, and drain the middle ear

Question 26

Inner ear - Cochlea

Answer 26

contains spiral organ of corti (receptor responsible for hearing); consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves

Question 27

Inner ear - Cochlear duct

Answer 27

cavity filled with endolymph and is a component of the membranous labyrinth of the ear 4. It is held in position by the lamina of the modiolus; The cochlear duct subdivides the bony labyrinth into two perilymph chambers, namely the scala vestibuli anteriorly (opens into the vestibule) and the scala tympani posteriorly (ends at the round window

Question 28

Inner ear - Tectorial membrane

Answer 28

ribbon-like strip of extracellular matrix that spirals along the entire length of the cochlea

Question 29

Inner ear - Scala vestibuli

Answer 29

perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct. It is separated from the cochlear duct by Reissner's membrane and extends from the vestibule of the ear to the helicotrema where it joins the tympanic duct.

Question 30

Inner ear - Vestibular membrane

Answer 30

a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct.

Question 31

Inner ear - Spiral organ (of Corti)

Answer 31

receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential.

Question 32

Inner ear - Scala tympani

Answer 32

one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the inner ear of the human. It is separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as vestibular duct.

Question 33

Inner ear - Basilar membrane

Answer 33

stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani.

Question 34

Inner ear - Hair cells

Answer 34

the receptive cells of the inner ear. They are stretched along the cochlear duct in two rows (the inner and outer hair cells) positioned on a thickened ridge of the basilar membrane.

Question 35

Semicircular canals - Lateral

Answer 35

detects angular acceleration of the head when the head is turned and the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements when the head is moved up or down.

Question 36

Semicircular canals - Posterior

Answer 36

part of the vestibular system that detects rotation of the head around the antero-posterior (sagittal) axis, or in other words rotation in the coronal plane

Question 37

Semicircular canals - Anterior

Answer 37

part of the vestibular system and detects rotations of the head in around the lateral axis, or in other words rotation in the sagittal plane Its lateral extremity is ampullated, and opens into the upper part of the vestibule; the opposite end joins with the upper part of the posterior canal to form the crus commune, which opens into the upper and medial part of the vestibule

Question 38

Vestibule - Saccule

Answer 38

a bed of sensory cells in the inner ear. It translates head movements into neural impulses for the brain to interpret. The saccule detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plan

Question 39

Vestibule - Utricle

Answer 39

a small membranous sac (part of the membranous labyrinth) and paired with the saccule lies within the vestibule of the inner ear. It has an important role in orientation and static balance, particularly in horizontal tilt

Question 40

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Answer 40

eighth paired cranial nerve. It is comprised of two parts – vestibular fibres and cochlear fibres. Both have a purely sensory function.

Question 41

Tongue - Papilla

Answer 41

elevations on tongue where taste buds are found stratified squamous ET covers superior surface

Question 42

Tongue - Taste bud and pore

Answer 42

small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds.

Question 43

Tongue - Gustatory cell

Answer 43

Taste buds contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells.[1] The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek, and epiglottis.

Question 44

Which two cranial nerves carry afferent taste signals?

Answer 44

The afferent fibers of first-order taste neurons (special visceral afferent [SVA/VA]) innervating oropharyngeal taste buds travel in the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves