Axial Muscles * Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
what is the thoracic cage composed of ?
A
- 12 ribs
- sternum
- costal cartiladge
- thoracic vertebrae
2
Q
what is the organization of our 12 ribs ?
A
- 7 true
- 3 false
- 2 floating
3
Q
what are the three bones of the sternum ?
A
manubrium, body and xyphoid process
4
Q
how many thoracic vertebrae’s are there ?
A
12
5
Q
what is the main job of the thoracic cage ?
A
designed to protect vital organs such as the heart, lungs, etc.
6
Q
what are the two joints found within the vertebraes ?
A
constovertebral and costotransverse
7
Q
ribs articulate with the vertebrae at the ________ aspect of the thoracic cage
A
posterior
8
Q
how many vertebrae does the spine have ?
A
24
9
Q
what three parts is the spine divided into ?
A
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
10
Q
acronym to remember the order of the spine ?
A
CTL (certified table lover)
11
Q
how many fused vertebrae are found at the sacrum ?
A
5
12
Q
what bones are found on the spine ?
A
24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
13
Q
what type of vertebrae is the largest ?
A
lumbar
14
Q
what type of vertebrae is the smallest ?
A
cervical
15
Q
how many fused vertebrae are found at the coccyx ?
A
3-5
16
Q
what are the two large fossae’s of the Os Coxae ?
A
gluteal and iliac fossea
17
Q
what is the ox coxae ?
A
one of three bones that make up the pelvis
18
Q
what are the bones of the pelvic girdle ?
A
sacrum, os coxae, sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis
19
Q
where do spinal nerves exit through on the spinal cord ?
A
going to exit through the intervertebral foramen
20
Q
dorsal is responsible for what neurons ?
A
sensory
21
Q
ventral is responsible for what neurons ?
A
motor
22
Q
how do sensory neurons travel ?
A
from pseydounipolar sensory neurons
23
Q
how do sensory neurons travel ?
A
dorsal rami -> dorsal root -> dorsal root ganglion -> dorsal horn
24
Q
how do motor neurons travel ?
A
ventral root -> spinal nerve -> ventral rami
25
how does sensory and motor move in the posterior rami ?
sensory from and motor to; zygapophyseal joints and muscles of deep back
26
how many things does the posterior ramus innervate ?
two things
27
what carries more information; anterior ramus or posterior ramus ?
anterior ramus carries far more
28
what does the dorsal rami most directly innervate ?
muscles of the deep back
29
deep back muscles are classifies as either _____ or _____
superficial or deep
30
where are the superficial deep back muscles ?
erector spinae and splenius crevices + captius
31
what are the three muscles of the erector spinae ?
- iliocostalis
- longisimus
- spinalis
32
what is the acronym for erector spinae ?
"I like standing"
33
where is the splenius cervicis located ?
neck
34
where is the splenius captius located ?
head
35
what are the three muscles of the transverso-spinal group ?
- semispinalis
- rotatores
- multifidus
36
what nerve innervates the deep back muscles ?
posterior (dorsi) rami of the spinal nerve
37
between the erector spinous muscle group which is the most lateral ?
iliocostalis
38
between the erector spinous muscle group which is the closest to the spine ?
spinalis
39
what action does the erector spinous group do ?
extend vertebral column and head; laterally flex column
40
what action does the splenius crevicis do?
laterally flex the neck
41
what action does the splenius capitis do ?
rotate + extend head
42
what is an action of a muscle fully dependent on ?
the bones it crosses
43
what action does the semispinalis do ?
head + neck extension
44
what action does the multifidus do ?
vertebral extension + stabilization
45
what action does the rotatores do ?
vertebral extension + stabilization + rotation
46
which transverso-spinalis group muscle runs almost the whole length of the vertebral collum ?
multifidus
47
which of the transverso-spinalist group muscles is located the deepest ?
rotatores
48
what nerve innervates the transfer-spinalis group ?
posterior rami of spinal nerve
49
how many ribs does the thoracic cage have ?
24
50
what is the spine made up of ?
24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx
51
what innervates the deep muscles ?
dorsal rami
52
the deep muscles include: ____ , ____ and ____
- erector-spinae muscles
- splenius cervicis + capitus
- transverso-spinalis group
53
which nerves is it that are exciting out of your spinal cord ?
spinal nerves
54
spinal nerves carry both ____ and ____ information
motor and sensory
55
between brain and muscles; how do motor nerves travel ?
from brain to muscles
56
between brain and periphery; how do sensory nerves travel ?
from periphery to brain
57
where is the anterior rami located ?
in thorax (intercostal nerve)
58
how does sensory and motor move in the anterior rami ?
sensory from and motor to; everywhere else
59
what are the intercostal nerves ?
vein, artery, nerve (superior to inferior)
60
where do the intercostal nerves travel ?
travel in costal groove (inferior to rib) for protection
61
what is the acronym for the intercostal nerves ?
VAN
62
what is the function of the intercostal nerves ?
provides segment innervation throughout the thorax
63
what are the three intercostal muscles that exist between the ribs?
external, internal and innermost
64
what does the external intercostal muscle do ?
elevates ribs
65
which muscles are used during inspiration ?
external intercostal muscles
66
which muscles are used during forces expiration ?
internal and intermost intercostal muscles
67
what do the internal and innermost intercostal muscles do ?
depresses ribs
68
what innervates the intercostal muscles ?
intercostal nerve
69
the external and the internal/innermost intercostal muscles run in opposite direction... in which way do they each move ?
external = hands in pocket
internal/innermost = hands at collar
70
what happens to the pressure of the abdominal cavity when the diaphragm contracts ?
increase in pressure
71
do contractions of the diaphragm lower or raise domes ?
lower
72
what are the three openings of the diaphragm ?
- caval opening (vena cava)
- esophageal hiatus
- aortic hiatus W
73
what innervates the diaphragm ?
the phrenic nerve
74
at what vertebrae does the diaphragm begin and end ?
T8 and T12
75
what two cavities does the diaphragm separate ?
thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
76
what innevates the abdominal muscles ?
anterior rami
77
what are the four muscles of the abdomin ?
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- rectus abdominus
- tramsversus abdominus
78
which way does the external oblique muscle travel ?
from outside in
79
which way does the internal oblique muscle travel ?
from inside to out
80
which way does the rectus abdomens travel ?
up to down (vertical)
81
which way does transversus abdominus travel ?
side to side (horizontal)
82
how many of the four abdominal muscles "compress abdomen" ?
all 4
83
how many of the four abdominal muscles "flex vertebral column" ?
external oblique, internal oblique and rectus abdominus
84
how many of the four abdominal muscles "rotate vertebral column + lateral bending" ?
external and internal oblique
85
what happens to the abdominal pressure the the abdomen is compressed ?
increase abdominal pressure
86
what is an example of flexed vertebral column in the abdominal muscles ?
sit-ups
87
what are the landmarks of the external oblique muscles ?
linea semilunari (side part) and external oblique aponeurosis
88
what are the landmarks of the internal oblique ?
internal oblique aponeurosis/rectus sheath (anterior)
89
what are the landmarks of the rectus abdominus ?
linea alabando inguinal ligament
90
what are the landmarks of the transversus andominus ?
internal oblique aponeurosis/rectus sheath (posterior), arcuate line and transversals fascia
91
where is the arcuate line located ?
just above the belly button for most people
92
what is the function of the arcuate line ?
to supply blood to the inferior portion of the anterior abdominal wall
93
what are some differences between the above and below arcuate line ?
- the below arcuate line has no sheath, no posterior sheath and only one layer on the bottom which is the transversalis fascia
- the above arcuate line has the rectus sheath all around, the rectus sheath superficial while the transversus abdomens and transversals fascia both more deep
94
what is diastasis recti ?
clinical condition where we see a separation of the fascia at the linea alba
95
within what population is diastasis recti common ?
- during or following pregnancy, especially with :
carrying larger or multiple babies, mom of smaller stature or aged 35+
- also sometimes seen with newborns
96
what is the treatment for diastasis recti ?
- stop all abdominal exercises during pregnancy
- post-pregnancy ; exercise & physiotherapy
- sometimes surgery is needed
97
when are lungs undertension ?
when breathing
98
what muscles are used during inspiration ?
diaphragm and external intercostals
99
what muscles are used during active expiration ?
internal and innermost intercostals
100
what action is being done when lung volume increases ?
inspiration ( increase in thoracic cavity )
101
what action is being done when lung volume is decreased ?
expiration ( decrease in thoracic cavity )
102
what nerve is the thoracic and abdominal muscles innervated by ?
anterior rami
103
what are the thoracic muscles ?
external, internal and innermost intercostals
104
what is the arcuate line ?
a facial division within the abdomen ?
