Cardiovascular * Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
what are the three types of vesseles ?
A
arteries , veins and capillaries
2
Q
where does blood travel in arteries ?
A
blood traveling away from heart
3
Q
where does blood travel in capillaries ?
A
between arteries and veins
4
Q
where does blood travel in veins ?
A
blood travelling towards the heart
5
Q
describe pressure of arteries:
A
high pressure = thick walls
6
Q
describe pressure of veins:
A
low pressure = thin walls
7
Q
what do larger arteries mean ?
A
election (important for conduction and propulsion)
8
Q
what do smaller arteries mean ?
A
muscular (vascular tone)
9
Q
how big are capillaries ?
A
single cell thick
10
Q
in which vessel does diffusion happen ?
A
capillaries
11
Q
what do valves contain when below the heart ?
A
valves
12
Q
what is an arteriole ?
A
small artery that regulates blood flow to capillary networks
13
Q
which vessel contains sphincters - “resistance vessel” ?
A
arterioles
14
Q
what do sphincters in arterioles do ?
A
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
15
Q
what do venues do ?
A
- drain capillary blood but smallest ones are also a site of diffusion
- highly distensible - “capacitance vessels”
16
Q
which vessels are known as “capacitance vessels” ?
A
venules
17
Q
what are venous sinus ?
A
drains venous blood back t the heart or other veins + exist in 2 locations
- dural venous sinus in the brain formed by the dura mater
- coronary sinus in the heart
18
Q
what are the two locations of the venous sinus ?
A
dural venous sinus in the brain and the coronary sinus in the heart
19
Q
what are anastomoses ?
A
- union of 2 or more arterial branches supplying the same are
- collateral blod supply to preserve blood supply to important areas
20
Q
what is the order of the closed loops of vessels ?
A
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
21
Q
what type of blood comes to the heart ?
A
deoxygenated
22
Q
what type of blood exits the heart ?
A
oxygenated
23
Q
what are varicose veins ?
A
twisted & enlarged veins
24
Q
when do varicose veins develop ?
A
when valves are unable to close properly = retrograde flow
25
where do we typically find varicose veins ?
- typically in superficial veins (limbs)
- within anal canal (hemorrhoids)
- bleeding esophageal varices = life treating liver disease
26
when valves promote unidirectional flow back towards the heart, what does this cause ?
varicose veins
27
what causes varicose veins ?
congenital (born with valves that wont close properly), mechanical (pregnancy or prolonged standing )
28
what prevents veins from building out ?
elastic stockings
29
what is the main function of arteries ?
conduction + propulsion of blood
30
what is the main function of arterioles ?
resistance vessels
31
what is the main function of capillaries ?
gas exchange and diffusion
32
what is the main function of venules ?
capacitance vessels
33
wha is the main function of veins ?
return blood to heart
34
what is the main function of anastomoses ?
provide collateral blood supply
35
what "drains venous blood from the surface of the brain" ?
sinus
36
"high pressure vessel with elastic or muscular walls"
arteries
37
"single cell thick, exist in networks"
capillaries
38
what are anastosomes ?
two vessels supplying the same area
39
what are the two arches of anastomosis in supination ?
deep palmer arch and superficial palmar arch
40
what does the right side of the body brachiocephalic lead into ?
subclavian artery
41
in regards to arterial support, where will blood start off ?
abdominal aorta
42
in regards to deep veins, when do deep veins return blood ?
during exercise
43
in regards to deep veins, when do superficial veins return blood ?
at rest
44
what does sinus mean ?
similar to vein (cardiac sinus and dural sinus)
45
what does anastamsis ?
2 arteries providing collateral supply
46
how many valves of the heart are there ?
2 (left and right)
47
which valve of the wall is thick/thin ?
right = thinner walls
left = thicker walls
48
how many chambers of the heart are there ?
4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
49
how many valves of the heart are there ?
4
50
what does the heart communicate with ?
the lungs (pulmonary) and the body (systemic)
51
which side of the heart is deoxygenated vs oxygenated ?
right side = deoxygenated
left side = oxygenated
52
describe the cardiac muscle:
- striated
- involuntary
53
what are cardiomyocytes ?
contractible excitable heart cell
54
what do cardiomyocytes contain the same contractile filaments as ?
skeletal muscle (sarcomere)
55
cells are joined end to end and are connected via __________
intercalated discs
56
what are intercalated discs ?
gap junctions that link cardiac muscles so that electrical impulses can travel between cells and cause to contract almost simultaneously
57
where are nuclei located ?
centrally located
58
what are the two types of cardiomyocytes ?
1. pacemaker
2. non-pacemaker cells
59
what is "pacemaker" ?
- auto-rhythmic cells "automaticity"
- spontaneously contract
- SA node, some fibers in AV node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers
60
what are "non-pacemaker cells" ?
- bulk of the heart
-basic contractile myocytes
- depolarization is induced by adjacent cells depolarizing
61
what is syncytium ?
network of cardiomyocytes connected via intercalated discs
62
what are the two syncytial of the heart ?
the atrial syncytium and ventricular syncytium
63
what do the two syncytia of the heart allow ?
this will allow for the atria to contract prior to ventricular contraction
64
what are two types of action potential ?
neuronal and cardiomyocytes
65
what are neuronal action potentials ?
rapid depolarization (1ms)
66
what are cardimyocyte action potentials ?
(200-400ms) little slower than neural action potentials
67
describe the difference between pacemaker cells and myocytes ?
pacemarker cells = slow response
myocytes = faster response
68
what is depolarization in cardiomyocytes caused by?
sodium and calcium
69
what is the refractory period ?
period of time in which the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time after an action potential as initiated
70
describe the Na and K gradient in regards to cells:
cells are like salty bananas, salt on the outside and potassium on the inside, then potassium channels open
71
what is the SA node also known as ?
the pacemaker
72
describe the SA node :
- origin of cardiac impulse
- rate of depolarization is greatest here (it drives everything else)
73
where is depolarization the greatest in the heart ?
SA node
74
describe the AV node:
- locate at the center of the heart, between the atria and ventricles
- electrically connects atria and ventricles via bundle of His
- slows the SA node
75
how does the AV node electrically connect the atria and ventricles ?
thought the bundle of his
76
what slows down the signals from the SA node ?
AV node
77
what does the AV node do after slowing the signal of the SA node ?
allows for atrial blood to empty into ventricles
78
what is an ECG machine ?
records the hearts electrical activity
79
how do ECG's work ?
as cardimyocytes depolarize/repolarize, electrical currents pass across the body
80
what is the clinical test that we use to measure changes in electrical signal across cardiomyocytes ?
ECG (electrocardiogram)
81
what happens when we use different configurations during an ECG ?
it leads to more characteristic patterns
82
what is an ECG recording ?
summed recording of all the electrical events that are happening in the heart
83
what are the "waves" detected during and ECG recording ?
- P-wave
- QRS-wave
- T- wave
84
what is happening during the P-wave ?
atrial depolarization
85
what is happening during the QRS wave ?
ventricular depolarization
86
what is happening during the T-wave ?
ventricular repolarization
87
what is the cardiac cycle ?
sequence of events that occur and repeat with heart beat
88
what are the two things happening in the cardiac cycle ?
systole and diastole
89
what does systole mean ?
ventricular contraction
90
what does diastole mean ?
ventricular relaxation
91
how many phases are there in the cardiac cycle ?
7
92
what are the 6 recordings of the cardiac cycle ?
- aortic pressure
- left ventricular pressure
- left arterial pressure
- left ventricular volume
- ECG
- heart sounds
93
what are the three basic principals of the heart ?
- conduction to contraction to flow
- blood flows from higher to lower pressure
- valves open/close based on pressure gradient
94
what are heart sounds caused by ?
closing valves
95
what are the two closing valves of the heart ?
S1 = mitral alve (left AV valve)
S2 = semilunar valv (aortic)
96
what does the contraction of a heart do to pressure ?
increases it
97
what does the relaxation of a heart do to pressure ?
decrease it
98
what happens in atrial systole ?
- atria contract
- ventricles relax
-pushes last bit of blood into ventricles
99
what happens in isovolumetric contraction ?
- atria relax
- ventricles contract
- no blood is ejected = isovolumetric
100
what happens in rapid ejection of the cardiac cycle ?
- aortic and pulmonary valves open
- blood rushes into aorta and pulmonary trunk
- volume falls in ventricles rapidly
- pressure in ventricles continues to increase
101
what happens in reduced ejection of the cardiac cycle ?
- pressure begins to decrease in aorta as the last bit of blood leaves the ventricles
- pressure in atria continues to rise as atria passively fill with blood
- T-wave = ventricular repolarization
102
what happens in isovolumetric diastole (relaxation) ?
- semilunar valves closes (heart sound 2)
- ventricles enter diastole
- AV vales are still closed thus volume of blood in ventricles doesn't change = is-volumetric relaxation
103
what happens in rapid filling of the cardia cycle ?
- pressure in atria exceed pressure in ventricles and AV valves open
-blood dumps into ventricles from atria "rapidly filling" then; atrial volume + pressure drops and ventricular volume + pressure rises
104
what happens in reduced filling of the cardiac cycle ?
- blood passively flows into heart from vena cava + pulmonary arteries
(AV valves are open, so it flows directly into ventricles)
- P-wave starts = atrial contraction triggered
105
how many ribs are there in the thoracic cage ?
12 ribs
106
what are the three bones of the sternum ?
- manubrium
- body
- xyphoid process
107
what is the thoracic cage composed of ?
- 12 ribs
- sternum
- costal cartilage
- thoracic vertebrae
108
what is the designed goal of the thoracic cage ?
protect vital organs
109
what are the 5 compartments of the thoracic compartment ?
- superior mediastinum
- middel mediastinum
- anterior mediastinum
- posterior mediastinum
- L + R pleural cavities
110
what is the mediastinum ?
a space within your chest that contains your heart and other structures
111
what is the thoracic inlet ?
located at the crossroads between imaging of the neck and chest
112
what is the length of the thoracic inlet ?
manubrium to 1st rib to T1
113
what is the length of the superior mediastinum located ?
sternal angle to T4 base
114
what is the length of the diaphragm ?
central tendon continuous with fibrous pericardium
115
what are the contents of the superior mediastinum ?
- sup vena cava
- brachiocephalic veins
- arch of aorta + branches
- trachea
- esophagus
116
what are the contents of the middle mediastinum ?
- heart
- pericardium
- great vessel roots
117
what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum ?
- descending thoracic aorata
- esophagus
- vagus nerve
- sympathetic trunk
118
what are the contents of the anterior mediastinum ?
- connective tissue
- tymus gland
119
what are the contents of the lungs ?
- lungs
- pleura
- hilum ( pulmonary arteries/veins and primary bronchi)
120
in which thoracic compartment is the esophagus located ?
posterior mediadtinum
121
in which thoracic compartment is the heart located ?
middle mediastinum
122
in which thoracic compartment is the arch of the aorta ?
superior mediastinum
123
in which thoracic compartment is the lungs ?
pleural cavities
124
in which thoracic compartment is the pericardium ?
middle mediastinum
125
what happens in the right atria ?
entrance for superior + inferior vena cava + coronary sinus + anterior cardiac veins
126
what happens in the left atria ?
entrance for pulmonary veins
127
what is the first part of the heart to contract, pushing blood into ventricles via atrioventricular valves ?
atria
128
what are the key landmarks of the atria ?
fossa ovale and auricle
129
what muscle is important for contraction in the atria ?
pectinate
130
what is the texture of the posterior wall of the atria ?
smooth (derived from embryonic vasculature)
131
what is the second part of heart to contract ?
ventricles
132
which ventricle sends blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk ?
right ventricle
133
which ventricle sends blood to the body via the aorta ?
left ventricle
134
which ventricle is responsible for pulmonary circulation ?
right ventricle
135
which ventricle is responsible for systemic circulation ?
left ventricle
136
which ventricle has the pulmonary semilunar valve ?
right ventricle
137
which ventricle has the aortic semilunar valve ?
left ventricle
138
what are the key landmarks of the ventricles ?
interventricular septum and ligaments arteriosum
139
what is the importance of the interventricular septum ?
important for coordinated contraction
140
which muscle is very important for contraction of the ventricle ?
trabeculae
141
which muscles are anchor points for cord tendonae of AV valves ?
papillary muscles
142
how many valves are there in the heart ?
4
143
how many atrioventricular valves are there in the heart ?
2
144
how many semilunar valves are there in the heart ?
2
145
where is the atrioventricular valve located ?
atrium to ventricle
146
which AV valve is on the right side of the heart ?
tricuspid
147
which AV valve is on the left side of the heart ?
bicupsid/mitral
148
what prevents back flow in the 2 AV valves ?
chord tendineae
149
where is the semilunar valves located ?
ventricle to aorta/pulmonary trunk
150
what "holds blood, prevent back flow" ?
cusp shape
151
how would you describe the AV valves letter wise ?
like an M
152
how would you describe semilunar valves letter wise ?
like a W
153
what are the great vessels of the systemic circulation ?
- aorta (from left ventricle)
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
154
where does the superior + inferior vena cava drain into ?
the right atrium
155
what are the three arches of the aorta (systemic circulation) ?
- brachicephalic trunk
- L common carotid
- L sunclavian
156
what type of arteries are ascending in the aorta (left ventricle) ?
coronary arteries
157
what are the great vessels of the pulmonary circulation ?
arteries and veins
158
is it arteries or veins that have the pulmonary trunk ?
arteries
159
is it arteries or veins that have left and right pulmonary arteries and contains deoxygenated blood going to lungs ?
arteries
160
what does it mean to have heart failure ?
heart muscle doesn't pump as well as it should (decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery)
161
what are some symptoms of heart failure ?
shortness of breath, fatigue and coughing
162
what happens if theres left sided heart failure ?
systemic circulation impaired (muscles too weak and ventricle doesn't refill)
163
what happens if theres right side heart failure ?
typically caused by left side impairement (fluid backs up through lungs, and eventually venous system)
164
describe the 5 steps of fetal circulation ?
1. oxygenated fetal blood from he placenta passes to the fetus via the umbilical vein
2. blood bypasses the liver (via the ducts venous) and enters the inferior vena cava
3. blood entering the right atrium from the IVC bypasses right ventricle (lungs not yet functional) to enter the left atrium via the oval foramen
4. blood from the SBC enters right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, and moves into the pulmonary trunk where it enters the aorta via the ducts arteriosus
5. partially oxygenated blood in the aorta returns to the placenta via the paired umbilical arteries that arise from the internal iliac arteries
165
how many layers are there of the pericardium ?
3
166
what is the pericardium ?
3-layered sac in which the heart resides
167
what are the three layers of pericardium ?
- fibrous pericardium
- parietal
- visceral
168
which layer of the pericardium is the outer and toughest layer ?
fibrous pericardium
169
which layer of the pericardium is the outer layer ?
parietal
170
which layer of the pericardium I the inner layer ?
visceral (epicardium)
171
what is the first branch of the aorta ?
coronary arteries
172
when is the coronary artery valve opens ?
blood flow during ventricular systole
173
when is the coronary arteries valve closed ?
black flow of blood closes valve and causes filling of coronary arteries
174
what are the two coronary circulations ?
right and left coronary artery
175
describe the right coronary artery ?
- right marginal
- posterior interventricular
- branches to SA and AV nodes (hard to see)
176
describe the left coronary artery ?
- anterior interventicular/left anterior descending
- circumflex (left marginal)
177
coronary circulation veins =
coronary sinus
178
what are the 6 coronary sinus veins ?
- great cardiac vein
- left posterior ventricular vein
- left marginal vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
- anterior cardiac veins
179
what is a heart attack/myocardial infarction ?
disruption to coronary blood floe
180
what is a common cause of a heart attack ?
commonly caused by atherosclerosis, a narrowing of the lumen due to plaque deposits on the vessel
181
what are some risk factors of heart attacks ?
- smoking
- increased blood pressure
- increased chloesterol
- obesity, diabetes
- decrease exercise
- stress
- age, family, medical history, herritage
182
is a heart attack and cardiac arrest the same thing ?
no
183
what does angina mean ?
temporary disruption
184
what does location and extent of damage depend on ?
location of damaged vessel
185
what are the 6 cavities that the thorax can be divided into ?
superior, middle, anterior & posterior mediastinum and pleura
186
what are two remnant fetal structures, once responsible for bypassing the lungs ?
foramen ovale and ligamentum arteriosum
187
what is circulation to the heart termed ?
corony circulation
