Intro to Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what are the three anatomical positions ?
A
median (sagital) , frontal (coronal), and transverse
2
Q
what is the opposite to posterior ?
A
anterior
3
Q
what is the opposite to inferior ?
A
superior
4
Q
what is the opposite to lateral ?
A
medial
5
Q
what is the opposite to proximal ?
A
distal
6
Q
what term is used to describe “decrease angle between bones at a joint” ?
A
flexion
7
Q
what term is used to describe “increase angle between bones at a joint” ?
A
extension
8
Q
what is protraction ?
A
moving foward
9
Q
what is retraction ?
A
moving backwards
10
Q
what is elevation ?
A
move in a superior direction
11
Q
what is depression ?
A
move in an inferior
12
Q
what is lateral/external rotation ?
A
away from the midline, along long axis
13
Q
what is the medial/internal rotation ?
A
toward midline, along long axis
14
Q
what is adduction ?
A
move toward midline
15
Q
what is abduction ?
A
move way from the modline
16
Q
what is circumduction ?
A
distal aspect makes a circle, proximal end fires
17
Q
what is eversion ?
A
tilt sole away from mideline
18
Q
what is inversion ?
A
tilt sole toward midline
19
Q
what is dorsiflexion (extension) ?
A
flex foot superiorly
20
Q
what is plantar (flexion) ?
A
flex foot inferiorly
21
Q
what is anatomical position ?
A
the starting place for describing locations and movements
22
Q
what are the bones of the axial skeleton ?
A
- skull
- mandible
- ribs
- vertebrae
- lumbar
- sacrum + coccyx
23
Q
what is axial skeleton ?
A
middle of body
24
Q
what is appendicular skeleton ?
A
limbs / rest of the body
25
what are the 5 types of bones ?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
26
describe the function of long bones ?
provide strength, structure and mobility in limbs
27
describe the function of short bones ?
provide support and stability with limited
28
describe the function of a flat bones ?
protection or brand surfaces of muscle attachement
29
describe the function of irregular bones ?
various functions, (nerve protection, skeletal muscle attachment)
30
describe the function of sesamoid bones ?
develop in tendons where they cross long bones, protect tendons from wear and tear
31
what is an example of a long bone ?
humerus, femur, tibia, ulna
32
what is an example of a short bone ?
carpal bones, tarsal bones
33
what is an example of a flat bone ?
skull (parietal and frontal), pelvis, sternum
34
what is an example a irregular bone ?
facial bones, scapula, hyoid, vertebra
35
what is an example of a seasoned bone ?
patella
36
what is the term for "large rounded elevation" boney landmark ?
tuberosity
37
what is the term for "ridge of bone" boney landmark ?
ridge of bone
38
what is the term for "large blunt elevation" ?
trochanter
39
what are the three boney landmarks of joints ?
head, facet and condyle
40
what are the holes in boney landmarks used for ?
for passages of bones
41
what are the grooves in boney landmarks used for ?
arteries and nerves may run
42
what can happen if you have damage to the epiphyseal plates ?
affect further bone growth
43
at what age is your bone mature ?
20 years of age
44
what are you bones made of when youre first born ?
perichondrium
45
what are our bones wrapped with ?
periosteum
46
what are epiphyseal plates ?
cartilaginous plates with bone formation is occurring on either side
47
where do bone cells start ?
periosteum stem cells
48
what do osteoblasts do ?
create bone
49
how do osteocytes create bone ?
secretes extracellular matrix to eventually create bone
50
what are the two bone types ?
cortical (compact) bones and trabecular (spongy,cancellous) bone
51
what is the exterior of bone called ?
cortical compact bone
52
what is the interior of bone called ?
trabecular spongy bone
53
what do osteoclasts do ?
degrade / break down bone
54
what is osteoporosis ?
medical condition when bones become fragile and degrade
55
what causes osteoporosis ?
osteoclasts have gone crazy and have taken out too much bone
56
what layer of bone is covered un periosteum ?
compact bone
57
what is diaphysis ?
center part of a long bone
58
how many types of bone fractures are there ?
6
59
what are the 6 bone fractures ?
- comminuted
- compression
- epiphyseal
- depressed
- spiral
- greenstick
60
describe comminuted fractures :
bone fragments in 3+ pieces
61
describe compression fractures :
bone is crushed
62
describe epiphyseal fractures :
separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
63
describe depressed fractures :
broken bone portion is pressed inward
64
describe spiral fractures :
ragged break due to excessive twisting forces
65
describe greenstick fractures :
incomplete break ; one side broken and the other bent
66
which fracture type is most common in sports or in toddlers ?
spiral
67
which facture type is most common in children ?
green stick
68
what is the difference between a simple and compound fracture ?
simple = injury only to bone
compound = bone pierces skin
69
what two types does aging typically result in bone functions ?
loss of bone mass and increased brittleness
70
what can be done to improve bones ?
exercise
71
what are the two components the body is divided into ?
axial and appendicular
72
what do boney landmarks represent ?
sites of attachment, joints, or depressions/openings
73
what are the 6 neurocranium bones (bones that surround the skull)
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
74
what are the 9 facial bones ?
- ethmoid
- inferior nasal concha
- lacrimal
- zygomatic
- vomer
- mandible
- maxilla
- nasal
- palatine
75
which neurocranium bone is divided into two portions ?
sphenoid bone
76
what are sutures ?
strong relatively and movable joints in the skull
77
what are fontanelles ?
havent solidified into joints yet; ove time will fuse
78
what is the viserocranium ?
collection of bones that make up the face bones
79
what are the four curators of the adult spinal column ?
- cervical lordosis
- thoracic kyphosis
- lumber lordosis
- sacral kyphosis
80
is kyphosis curve concave or convex ?
convex
81
is lordosis curve concave or convex ?
concave
82
what has the "dens"; C1 or C2 ?
C2
83
describe cervical spine key features :
- 7 vertebra
- C1 and C2
- lordosis
84
what is the difference between C1 and C2 ?
C1 = topmost vertebrae that holds the skull
C2 = second topmost vertebrae that provides an axis to rotate the skull (dens)
85
what supplies blood to the brain ?
circle of willis
86
describe thoracic spine key features :
- giraffe shapes spines
- heart shaped bodies
- 12 vertebra
- kyphosis
87
describe lumbar spine key features :
- lordosis
- 5 vertebra
- "moose" shapes spines
- squat, thick bodies
88
what are symptoms of osteoporosis in the spinal cord ?
back pain and compression fractures
89
between cervical, thoracic and lumbar which is smallest - biggest ?
cervical = smallest
thoracic = midium
lumbar = biggest
90
describe sacrum + coccyx features :
- kyphosis
- 5 fused vertebra
91
describe the body shape of cervical, thoracic and lumbar :
cervical = bifid
thoracic = heart-shaped / giraffe
lumbar = moose
92
what are the five longitudinal ligaments of the spine ?
- anterior
- posterior
- supraspinous ligamnte
- interspinous ligament
- ligamentum flavum
93
what are the five joints of the spine ?
- Atlanta-occipital jt
- lateral atlantoaxial jt
- zygapophyseal ht
- intervertebrall jt
- costovertebral jt
