Knee to Foot * Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
what is the main function of the bones of the knee ?
A
to allow the weight of the body and the thigh to be transferred through to the shank & ankle
2
Q
what is the main function of the femur ?
A
transmits force from pelvis through the knee
3
Q
what is the main function of the tibia ?
A
weight bearing
4
Q
what is the main function of the fibula ?
A
rotational stability
5
Q
what is the main function of the patella ?
A
increases force production at joint
6
Q
which anatomical aspect does the fibula exist on ?
A
lateral aspect
7
Q
why does the fibula exist on the lateral aspect ?
A
because it does not participate in pronation and supination therefore prevents roation
8
Q
medial vs lateral epicondyle
A
lateral = outer region of knee
medial = inner region of knee
9
Q
what two joints create the joints of the knee ?
A
femorotibial + patellofemoral
10
Q
what are the two functions of the knee ?
A
- transit zone (connects the thigh to shank)
- standing & location (stability vs mobility)
11
Q
what is more mobile; the knee or elbow ?
A
knee is more mobile
12
Q
what 3 factors contribute to joint stability/mobility of the knee ?
A
- shape and arrangement of articulating surfaces
- ligaments crossing the joint
- tone of surrounding muscles
13
Q
what is menisci ?
A
is the plural of meniscus and it acts to protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends (prevents wear and tear injuries)
14
Q
what are three functions of the menisci ?
A
- deepen + stabilize articulating surfaces
- fibrocartilage shock absorberes
- protects underlying hyaline cartilage + bones
15
Q
what happens in the case of repaired meniscus ?
A
they can be stitched to hold together; important for kinematics of the knee
16
Q
what are the four ligaments of the knee ?
A
- medial collateral ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament
17
Q
what is the function of the collateral ligmaments of the knee ?
A
provide mediolateral stbilization
18
Q
what does ACL stand for ?
A
anterior cruciate ligament
19
Q
what is the function of the ACL when foot is planted ?
A
prevent femur moving posteriorly on tibia
20
Q
what is the function of the ACL when foot is free ?
A
prevents tibia from moving anteriorly under femur
21
Q
what is the function of the PCL when foot is planted ?
A
prevents femur from moving anterior on tibia
22
Q
what is the function of the PCL when foot is free ?
A
prevents tibia from moving posterior under femur
23
Q
what is the cruciate ligaments named after ?
A
named based on tibia attachment position
24
Q
what is a PCL rupture ?
A
hyperextension of the knee
25
what is an ACL rupture ?
rotation of the knee
26
an ACL rupture is a blow to _____
the lateral femur
27
an RCL rupture is a blow to _____
the tibial tuberosity
28
what is the joint capsule of the knee lined by ?
synovial membrane
29
what muscles cross at the knee ?
- quadriceps femoris muscle group
- hamstring group muscles
- shank muscles
- popliteus
30
what are the quadriceps femoris muscles ?
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medius
- vastus intermedius
31
what are the hamstring muscles ?
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
32
what are the two shank muscles crossing at the knee ?
gastrocnemii and plantaris
33
what three movements does the knee do ?
flexes, extends and rotates
34
when standing what do your knees do ?
locks into place
35
what does your knee do in regards to standing ?
promotes stability and efficiency
36
how does the femur move when standing ?
femur internally rotates
37
what is the popliteus ?
triangular muscle found posterior of the knee
38
what are the attachments of the popliteus ?
lateral femoral condyle and posterior tibia
39
what is the action of the popliteus ?
unlocks the knee
40
what nerve does the popliteus innervate ?
tibial nerve
41
what is the patellofemoral joint ?
joint that exists between the femur and patella
42
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body ?
the patella
43
when extending how does the patella move ?
superiorly
44
what causes patellar dislocation ?
due to pull of vestus lateralis (generally bigger than medialis)
45
what is patellar dislocation resisted by ?
vastus medialis and high lateral femoral condyle
46
patellar dislocations usually happen to what side of the knee ?
primarily to the lateral side
47
what is a bursae ?
closed fluid filled sac that acts as a cushion layer to reduce friction
48
why are bursae's impotrant ?
they provide protection to the tendons and skin that are crossing over bony elements
49
what three joints exist within the knee ?
- femoritibial
- patellofemoral
- superior/proximal tibiofivular joit
50
what five groups of muscles act on the knee ?
- anterior thigh
- posterior thigh
- meidal thigh
- shank
- popliteus
51
what mechanism allows standing to be far less intensive ?
"screw-home" mechanism
52
between the tibia and fibula which bears more weight ?
tibia
53
why is the ankle mortis imporant ?
important for articulation at the ankle
54
what is the main function of the fibula ?
provides rational stability
55
what is the tibia and fibula joined by ?
the interosseous membrane
56
what is the interosseous membrane ?
a thick sheath that connects the two bones (tibia and fibula) together and maintains this orientation
57
what are the four borders of the popliteal fossa ?
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
- medial gastrocnemius
- lateral gastrocnemius
58
what are the three main contents of the popliteal fossa ?
- popliteal artery
- popliteal vein
- sciatic nerve
59
what is the popliteal fossa ?
diamond shaped space behind the knee
60
what is the popliteal fossa a key passageway for ?
neurovascular moving from the thigh into the shank
61
what are the four compartments of the shank ?
- anterior
- lateal
- deep posterior
- superficial posterior
62
what nerve is attached to the anterior (dorsiflexors) of the shaft ?
deep peroneal nerve
63
what nerve is attached to the lateral (evertors) of the shaft ?
superficial peroneal fibular nerve
64
what nerve is attached to the deep posterior (plantar flexors) of the shaft ?
tibial nerve
65
what nerve is attached to the superficial posterior (plantar flexors) of the shaft ?
tibial nervw
66
what are the three muscles of the anterior compartment (TDM)
tom, dick and harry
67
what innervates then anterior compartment ?
deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
68
what muscle is reposnible for the lateral compartment of lower leg ?
fibularis longus
69
where does the fibularis longs begin and end (anatomically)
starts at head of fibula and goes all the way down and wraps around ankle to the toe
70
what innervates the lateral compartment of the lower leg ?
superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve
71
which two branches will the fibular head split to form ?
deep and superficial branches
72
what two muscles are responsible for the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg ?
gastrocnemius medial head and gastrocnemius lateral head
73
what two movements is the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for ?
knee flexion and plantar flexion
74
what three muscles are responsible for the deep posterior compartment region of the lower leg ?
flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior
75
what nerve innervates the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg ?
tibial nerve
76
what 5 nerves innervate at the foot/ankle ?
- TP
- FDL
- A
- N
- FHL
77
what is the acronym for the nerves at the flexor retinaculum (foot/ankle) ?
tom, dick, and not harry
78
where is the tibial nerve coursing out of ?
popliteal fossa
79
what two compartments of the posterior compartment will the tibial nerve innervate ?
superficial and deep
80
where does the tibial nerve course?
innervate both of the posterior compartments, then going to course around the medial malleolus and is then going to go into the foot
81
what are the three anterior muscles of the shank ?
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
82
what are the three deep posterior muscles of the shank ?
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
83
what are the two lateral muscles of the shank ?
- peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus (fibula's) brevis
84
what represents a transition zone from the thigh to the shank?
popliteal fossa
85
what are the four superficial posterior muscles of the shank ?
- gastrocs
- soleus
- plantaris
- popliteus
86
what are retinacula?
thick fibrous bands which hold tendons in place when they cross the ankle
87
what is ankle mortise ?
u shape area at the end of the tibia and fibule together for articulation
88
what is the job of the tarsal bones ?
allow for a little bit of mobility through the foot
89
what are the 7 types of bones of the tarsals ?
- phalanges
- metatarsals
- cuneiforms
- navicular
- cuboid
- talus
- calcaneus
90
what are the three bones of the cuneiforms called ?
medial, intermediate and lateral
91
what are the three divisions of the phalanx (phalanges) ?
distal, middle and proximal
92
what bone is at the posterior of the foot ?
calcaneus
93
what two bones connect to create the ankle mortise ?
tibia and fibula
94
what are the three joints of the ankle ?
- distal tibiofibular joint
- talocrural joint
- subtalar joint
95
which ankle joint is found under the tailus ?
subtler joint
96
which ankle joint is at the distal aspect ?
distal tibiofibular joint
97
which joint has articulation between the tibia and fibula ?
distal tibiofibular joint
98
what type of joint is the ankle ?
hinged synovial joint
99
what is a high ankle sprain ?
tearing of anterior/posterior tib-fib ligament ?
100
what usually causses high ankle sprain ?
lateral rotation of the foot
101
what happens to the ankle mortise when there is a high ankle sprain ?
ankle mortise spreads which causes stress on these ligaments
102
moving toes up and down (dorsi- and plantar flexion) is the responsibility of what joint ?
crural joint
103
the crural joint is articulation between the :
ankle mortise and talus
104
what are the three ligaments of the crural joint ?
- posterior talofibular
- anterior talofibular
- calcaneofibular
105
what ligament is found on the medial side of the crural joint ? (looks like a triangle)
deltoid ligament
106
what is torn during an ankle inversion sprain ?
anterior talofibular ligament
107
what is a sprain ?
a tear between ligaments (bone to bone)
108
what grade sprain is defined by"stretching or slight tear with mild tearing, swelling, and stiffness"
grade 1
109
what grade sprain is defined by "incomplete tear with moderate pain, swelling and bruising"
grade 2
110
what grade sprain is defined by "complete tear of ligaments with severe swelling, bruising and instability"
grade 3
111
where is the subtler joint found ?
below the tailus
112
what movement does the subtler joint permit ?
inversion and eversion at the ankle
113
what are the three ligaments of the subtalar joint ?
- cervical ligament
- medial talocalcaneal ligament
- lateral talocalcaneal
114
what are the flexors and extensors of the tibialis ?
flexors = tibialis posterior
extensors = tibialis anterior
115
what are the flexors and extensors of the digitorum ?
flexors = flexor digitorum longus
extensors = extensor digitorum longus
116
what are the flexors and extensors of the hallucis ?
flexors = flexor hallucis longus
extensors = extensor hallucis longus
117
what are the flexors of the achilles ?
lat + med gastrocnemii, plantaris and soleus
118
what are the flexors of the peroneal ?
peroneus brevis and peroneus longus
119
if you have pain on the lateral aspect of the foot and significant swelling you may have ......
base of the 5th avulsion
120
what sport is base of the 5th avulsion common in ?
tennis
121
how many joints exist at the ankle ?
3
122
what are the three joints that exist at the ankle ?
- distal tibiofibular
- crural
- sub-talar
123
what movement is done by the distal tibiofibilar joint ?
limited movement (syndesmosis)
124
what movement is done by the crural joint ?
dorsi/plantar flexion
125
what movement is done by the sub-talar joint ?
ankle inversion/eversion
126
what joint is the knee ?
hinge
127
what's on top epicondyle or condyle ?
epicondyle
128
where is the intercondylar notch located ?
in between the medial and lateral condyle
129
what is the sole line ?
where soles muscles attach
130
what two joints make the knee joint ?
femorotibial and patellofemoral
131
which upper leg muscles are responsible for extension ?
quads
132
what are the two menisci at the knee called ?
lateral and medial menisci
133
what does collateral mean ?
anything along the side of joint area
134
what does the ACL and PCL do ?
stabilize the knee
135
while standing which way does the femur twist in order to lock ?
medial
136
while standing which way does the femur twist in order to unlock ?
lateral
137
what does the popliteus do ?
unlocks the knee
138
what is the ankle mortise ?
where the fibula and fibula interact at the foot
139
what two thing does the sciatic nerve become ?
tibial and fibular/peroneal nerve
140
what are the four nerves that surround the popliteal fossa ?
- semimembranous
- biceps femoris
- lateral gastrocnemius
- medial gastrocnemius
141
what does the extensor hallucis longus innervate ?
big toe
142
what muscles goes down to the digits ?
digitorum longus
143
what is the power muscle of the calfs ?
soleus
144
which ankle joint connect at ankle mortise ?
talocrual joint
145
a high ankle sprain usually =
fibular fracture
146
what are the three ankle crural joints ?
- posterior talofibular
- calcaneofibular
- anterior talofibular
147
what ruptures during an ankle inversion?
anterior calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament
