Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Label an image of the anatomy

Answer 1

Picture

Question 2

What do sinuses look like on an xray

Answer 2

Holes

Question 3

Where do all sinuses empty

Answer 3

Nasopharanx

Question 4

What are the functions of sinuses

Answer 4

Lighten skull
Secrete mucous

Question 5

When do sinuses form

Answer 5

Post-natally

Question 6

Where can molars grow up into

Answer 6

Maxillary sinus, so they take xrays to check

Question 7

How does the skull develop

Answer 7

1. Endochondral ossification
2. Intramembranous ossification

Question 8

What does endochodral mean

Answer 8

endo = within
chondra = cartilage
ossification = making bone
All long bones do it
Base of the skull

Question 9

What are the problems that need to be addressed by the two modes of skull development when a baby is developing and how are they solved

Answer 9

1. The brain is formed and needs to be protected
2. The head needs to come out during birth

a. Sutures allow room for movement, so bones can overlap each other (pointy head) and the brain is still protected
b. The cranial nerves can still travel through cartilage

Question 10

What is mesenchyme

Answer 10

Embryonic connective tissue.
Contains fibroblasts

Question 11

What is the endochondral ossification process

Answer 11

Fibroblasts in mesenchyme –> chondrocytes –> cartilage model –> ossification

Question 12

What is intramembranous ossification & process

Answer 12

Mesenchyme directly forms bone for vault of the skull
Fibroblasts –> osteocytes –> bone

Question 13

What action is most reduced in the lumbar region

Answer 13

Rotation, to prevent

Question 14

What is the action of rectus abdominis

Answer 14

Flex vertebral column

Question 15

What are the groups of vertebrae

Answer 15

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacarl, coccygeal

Question 16

How many cervical

Answer 16

7

Question 17

How many thoracic

Answer 17

12

Question 18

How many lumbar

Answer 18

5

Question 19

How many sacral and coccygeal

Answer 19

1 of each

Question 20

What curve is present at birth & postnatally

Answer 20

Thoracic & sacral (curled up fetal position)

Cervical & lumbar are postnatal because they’re when the baby lifts it’s head and begins to walk and stand

Question 21

What is kyphosis

Answer 21

Excessive posterior curvature, generally in thoracic

Old person hunched over

Question 22

What’s lordosis and what causes it

Answer 22

Excessive anterior curvature, can shift weight bearing to joints instead of vertebrae resulting in pain because joints increase in size potentially impeding on nerves
Weightlifting, pregnancy, obesity

Think of gymnast bending backwards abnormally

Question 23

What is congenital scheuermanns

Answer 23

kyphosis

Question 24

What causes kyphosis

Answer 24

Congenital
Postural
Disease like osteoporosis –> also leads to lordosis

Question 25

What is scoliosis

Answer 25

Abnormal lateral curvature Spine literally curved to side

Question 26

What is spondylolisthesis

Answer 26

Acquired lordosis, where lumbar vertebrae slide forward

Question 27

What is a pedicle

Answer 27

Feet

Question 28

What's a z/zygapophyseal joint

Answer 28

Synovial joint

Question 29

Difference between thoracic & lumbar vertebrae

Answer 29

Thoracic is rotation, lumbar is flexion. Thoracic will be smaller in diameter, and lumbar will be larger

Question 30

What type is the intervertebral joint

Answer 30

Fibrous shock absorbing joint. Largest in lumbar region. Have annulus fibrosus that limit rotation

Question 31

What is distinguishing about cervical vertebrae vs others

Answer 31

Holes for vertebral arteries Bifid tip on spinous process Others don't have as many pieces

Question 32

What is the scotty dog sign & how do you view it

Answer 32

Oblique view of xray When superior articular facet smashes into laminar below. Caused by muscles pushing the vertebrae together e.g. bad bowling technique Fracture is when scotty dog gets a collar

Question 33

What movement does the erector spinae group have

Answer 33

lateral flexion & extension

Question 34

What movement does the transversospinalis group have

Answer 34

rotation

Question 35

Point to psoas major

Answer 35

picture

Question 36

What are the six pack muscles (that some people might not have) & movements

Answer 36

Rectus abdominis (pair) joined by intertendinous connections to flex vertebral column

Question 37

Look at cross-section horizontal view

Question 38

What muscles will help with lumbar lordosis (posterior tilt)

Answer 38

Strong abs & relaxed hamstrings

Question 39

What muscles increase the anterior tilt

Answer 39

Erector spinae & rectus femoris

Question 40

What is the diff between true and false ribs

Answer 40

True, 1-7 connect directly to manubrium & sternum False, 8-12 indirect articulation to sternum

Question 41

What is the purpose of the costotransverse joint

Answer 41

Highly mobile joint that dictates where and how to rib moves

Question 42

Pump handle movement

Answer 42

Occurs in upper ribs to allow for inspiration and increase AP diameter

Question 43

Bucket handle

Answer 43

Lower ribs, increased transverse diameter

Question 44

How does the diaphragm perform inspiration

Answer 44

Lowers to increase vertical diameter

Question 45

How do the intercostal muscles perform inspiration

Answer 45

Pump & bucket handle movements

Question 46

Muscles of quiet inspiration

Answer 46

75% diaphragm, 25% intercostal Mostly passive Inspiratory muscles are used as a brake for early expiration (i.e. lungs are not collapsed)

Question 47

Accessory muscles of rib elevation (forced inspiration)

Answer 47

Latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis major, trapezius, latissimus dorsi

Question 48

How do the muscles of forced expiration work

Answer 48

Abdominal cavity & thoracic cavity work together. Squeezing down in abdominal cavity & increasing pressure pushes pressure up into thoracic cavity & diaphragm --> expiration

Question 49

What can increase the risk of pneumonia in this case

Answer 49

If forced expiration can't be completed due to weak abdominal muscles, then it increases the risk because air can't be expelled