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Radiography 1 > Infection & Immunology > Flashcards

Infection & Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a disease producing microbe

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2
Q

what are most infectious diseases caused by

A

bacteria & viruses

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3
Q

what do all microbes have that distinguishes them

A

a cell wall

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4
Q

what is an example of a gram + microbe

A

staph

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5
Q

what is an example of a gram - microbe

A

e.coli

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6
Q

what is unique about viruses

A

they can’t exist on their own and have to be inside living cells

can have DNA or RNA

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7
Q

what is a broad spectrum antibiotic for

A

both +ve and -ve grams

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8
Q

what other microbes can occur from pre-existing conditions

A

fungi in patients undergoing chemo because it knocks out the normal microbiome in a person. they don’t normall cause disease but they have the potential to overgrow once the other parts of gut flora have been wiped

protoza not typically infections unless there is an immunosuppressant

prions rare but cause mad cow

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9
Q

where are non infectious microbes usually present in the body & what is their role

A

skin, vagina, oral cavity, GIT

  • supporting immunity
  • production of vitamins & other chemicals e.g. vitamin K
  • protecting overgrowth of pathogenic microbes
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10
Q

why does a change in location lead to sickness sometimes

A

different microbes based on location, so it takes the body a while to get used to it

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11
Q

what can set back normal flora development during infancy

A

antibiotics

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12
Q

what is endogenous infection

A

infectious agents come from a person’s own microbiome

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13
Q

what is congenital infection

A

infectious agents passed from mother to child at birth or during pregnancy

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14
Q

what is exogenous infection

A

infectious agents from a source external to the patient resulting in cross infection

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15
Q

where do the majority of infections come from

A

exogenous

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16
Q

what are the stages of infectious disease

A

incubation - very mild, can be missed
prodromal - symptoms, illness
acute illness - can take medication or have medical intervention
convalescence - influenza takes weeks e.g. chronic carrier who is always producing, hep b

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17
Q

what carriers are most dangerous

A

chronic, asymptomatic, convalescent, passive (healthcare workers)

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18
Q

what is the difference between droplets and airborne

A

droplets are heavier

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19
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

a circulatory system returns fluid pushed out of the capillaries to venous circulation

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20
Q

where are lymphs located

A

along blood vessels

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21
Q

do lymphs contain red blood cells

A

no

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22
Q

what are B cells

A

cells in blood or body fluid

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23
Q

what are T cells

A

cells that tend to be located in the spleen and thymus

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24
Q

do we have lymphoid tissue in our airways

A

yes

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25
where do B & T cells originate from
bone marrow
26
what are primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow - where B & T cells are produced thymus - where they mature
27
what are the secondary lymphoid organs
spleen & tonsils, where the cells sit and wait
28
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
hardly anything :) only drains above the diaphragm on the right side
29
what does the spleen do during immune response
can expand, gets rid of red blood cells in the blood, stores red blood cells, does haematopoiesis
30
where is the spleen (rib numbers)
9-11th ribs
31
what happens if the spleen is removed
increases risk of infection, otherwise ok
32
what is asplenia
congenital absence of splenic tissue or it's iatrogenic or it's just not functioning (tumours/vascualr disease)
33
how does liver cirrhosis affect the spleen
causes issues with drainage in the splenic vein and portal vein because it can't go to the liver, and can result in esophageal varices
34
what body injury can indicate a ruptured spleen
fracture of left lower rib
35
lymphadenopathy causes & definition
swollen lymphs neoplasia - tumours that lodge in a lymph via lymphatic drainage from another site lymph infection drugs reaction to immune responses
36
does pathology always increase the size of the lymph
not really, it can make it harder
37
what is lymphoedema, affects and causes?
accumulation of fluid in tissue from impaired lymphatic drainage causes inflammation, hypertrophy of adipose tissue (chronic) & fibrosis caused by primary - hereditary or congenital secondary - trauma that damages lymph drainage, cancer, surgery
38
primary functions of lymphatic system
- return of excess interstitial fluid to blood - transportation of fat & fat soluble vitamins via lacteals because we can't digest lipids the same way we digest proteins and carbs directly across the abdominal wall. it has to be emulsified by bile - body system responsible for immune responses
39
what are the 3 lines of defence
natural - skin, tears, eyelids, vomit, defecation innate - immunity, inflammation acquired - lymphocytes & antibodies
40
what are neutrophils
the first phagocytes involved in immune response end up as pus
41
what are macrophages
sustained activate other immune cells
42
what are signs of inflammation (acute)
heat redness oedema pain loss of function
43
what innate
something you're born with
44
do inflammatory responses damage tissue
yes, but it can also heal
45
what factors affect healing
type of tissue extent of damage duration of inflammation others
46
what is the diff between chronic and acute inflammation
chronic has an ongoing stimulus
47
how is inflammation visualised
size fat - fluid in fat indicated on ct
48
what should specific immunity work against
specific foreign antigens
49
what is humoural immunity
production of antibodies
50
what is cell mediated immunity
production of effector cells in response to viruses, tumours etc they activate T cells
51
what do NK cells target
virus infected and cancer cells
52
what do plasma cells do
produce antibodies
53
what immunity is associated with B-lymphocytes
humoural in response to antigens from bacteria, free viruses etc
54
what does a complement do
cell lysis - produces holes in cells
55
what are the different types of T cells
killer, helper, suppressor
56
what do memory B & T cells lead to
active & passive immunity
57
what is IgM
acute phase antibody (always there first)
58
what is IgG
secondary immune response (the memory antibody) significant post vaccine etc
59
are T& B cells acquired immunity
yes
60
are antibodies and cytokines acquired immunity
yes
61
what is hypersensitivity
an over or altered reaction of the immune system
62
what are the types of hypersensitivity & their occurence & examples
immediate, cytotoxic & immune complex, delayed type I, type II, type III, type IV few min, few hours, after a few hours, after 24hrs, within 72 anaphylaxis, incompatible blood transfusion, rheumatoid arthritis, mantoux test for TB
63
what leads to anaphylaxis
spread of allergen, produce large amounts of IgE, oedema, blood vessels become leaky medical emergency
64
how is anaphylaxis treated
adrenaline/ epipen
65
what are contrast allergies and are they common and what increases the risk and waht are the reactions
not common, within 20min severe, life threatening, idiosyncratic, anaphylactoid reaction from contrast media - same effects as anaphylaxis but not the same because it doesn't produce IgE - don't require prev exposure increased risk: - age - asthma - dehydration - prev history reactions: - hives - itching - runny nose - life threatening arrythmia - hypotension - oedema - seizures - death
66
what are non-idiosyncratic reactions to contrast media
more common and predictable - warm metallic taste in the mouth - arrhythmia - 30min - 7 days
67
what is autoimmunity & it's causes
unresponsiveness of immune system or immune dysregulation combination of environment, immune system, genetics - viral infections, drugs, genetic
68
can autoimmune diseases be localised or systemic
both
69
are autoimmune diseases rheumatological (joints) or vascular
both
70
what diseases are localised autoimmune
addison's disease coeliac disease crohn's diabetes type 1a grave's multiple sclerosis ulcerative colitis
71
what diseases are systemic autoimmune
lupus rheumatoid arthritis dermatomyositis scleroderma
72
what is immunodeficiency
primary - one or more components of immune system missing as a congenital condition e.g. antibodies, T cells, B cells secondary - acquired e.g. malnutrition means you don't have all the components to produce antibodies, genetic diseases like diabetes, immunosuppressants, surgery, trauma, burns

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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