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Radiography 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

what is anterior to the mediastinum

A

sternum

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2
Q

what is lateral to the mediastinum

A

pleurae of lungs

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3
Q

what is posterior to the mediastinum

A

vertebrae T4 - T11

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4
Q

what is superior/inferior to the mediastinum

A

superior = thoracic inlet
inferior = diaphragm

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5
Q

what is contained within the mediastinum

A
  • heart
  • great vessels
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • thoracic duct
  • thymus
  • azygos venous system
  • nerves
  • lymph nodes
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6
Q

what is the function of the pericardium

A
  • protect & anchor the heart
  • prevent friction
  • prevent overfilling with blood
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7
Q

list the layers of the heart wall in order

A
  • pericardium
  • epicardium / serous pericardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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8
Q

what are the surfaces of the heart

A
  • sternocostal
  • diaphragmatic
  • left & right pulmonary
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9
Q

what vertebrae is posterior to the heart in a CT

A

T7

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10
Q

what is another name for the pulmonary valve and where is it

A

right semilunar
between right ventricle & pulmonary artery

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11
Q

what is another name for the aortic valve and where is it

A

left semilunar
between aorta & left ventricle

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12
Q

what are the valves between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular

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13
Q

what are the valves between the ventricles and lungs/body

A

pulmonary & aortic

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14
Q

what is another name for the mitral valve and where is it

A

bicuspid/left atrioventricular valve

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15
Q

what is another name for the tricuspid valve and where is it

A

right atrioventricular valve

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16
Q

what is a lumen

A

a cavity within a tubular structure e.g. blood flows to the heart through the lumen of the superior vena cava

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17
Q

what kind of pump is the heart

A

a dual pump because both sides simultaneously pump equal amounts of blood

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18
Q

what is the path of blood from the LA

A

LA –> bicuspid valve –> LV –> aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –> systemic circulation

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19
Q

what is the path of blood from the RA

A

RA –> tricuspid valve –> RV –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> PA –> lungs

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20
Q

what circulation is loaded with O2 and has CO2 removed

A

pulmonary

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21
Q

what circulation is loaded with CO2 and has O2 removed

A

systemic, it’s delivering O2 and collecting CO2

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22
Q

what kind of pressure does the pulmonary circulation have

A

low pressure, whereas systemic has high pressure

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23
Q

what is anastomosis

A

connection between blood vessels e.g. vein-vein, artery-artery, artery-vein

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24
Q

what proportion of the chest diameter should the cardiac silhouette occupy

A

< 50%

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25
what is the retrosternal space and why is it important
lucent area between the sternum and heart if it's reduced in an xray it indicates an issue
26
what does parietal mean
top e.g. parietal bone
27
what does visceral mean
deep e.g. visceral organs
28
what is a sulcus
depression or groove e.g. the coronary sulcuses
29
in terms of the atrioventricular valves - why are they tri and bicuspid
tri because the right ventricle's lumen is semilunar bi because the left ventricle's lumen is circular and easier to cover
30
what are the functions of the heart
- deliver waste back to lungs for removal - work with other body systems to control rhythm and speed of heart rate - maintain blood pressure - pump blood & O2 around body
31
what is the cardiac intrinsic conduction process
SA/pacemaker --> AV node --> AV bundle of His --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibres SA causes atrial contraction purkinje fibres cause ventricular contraction
32
what is a syncytium
both atrial and ventricular an arrangement of muscle fibres in which they fuse together to create an interconnected mass
33
what are the parts of the ECG
P = atrial depolarisation P-Q = conduction time from atrial to ventricular excitation QRS = ventricular depolarisation (left first) R = left S = right T = ventricular repolarisation
34
what are the abnormalities that ECGs detect
rate, rhythm, cardiac myopathies
35
what is the purpose of beta blockers
slowing down the heart rate. it can improve imaging can also decrease BP
36
what does cardiac output inform
strength and health of heart
37
what is the formula for CO
SV * HR
38
what is normal SV
ml/beat = 70mL
39
what is the SV formula
EDV - ESV
40
what is ejection fraction & normal values
SV/EDV 65% - 80%
41
what is EDV & ESV
amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of either systole or diastole
42
does ejection fraction change with age and is it better to be higher or lower
no higher because it indicates the heart is pumping more blood in one pump
43
what are the factors that affect cardiac output
HR - autonomic nervous system - hormones SV - EDV - ESV
44
what are baroreceptors
cells that respond to changes in BP
45
how do epinephrine & norepinephrine work on the HR
they promote vasoconstriction, which increases BP heart contractility
46
what do calcium channel blockers do
negatively inotropic blocks Ca channels which decreases HR
47
how is CO controlled
CO = HR * SV HR = hormones & autonomic nervous system, sympathetic incr. para decr. SV = EDV, ESV
48
what is the Frank-Starling principle
ventricular output increases as pre-load (end diastolic pressure) increases e.g. more return = more contraction
49
name main arteries & veins
diagram
50
what are the 3 layers of blood vessels
tunica externa --> tunica media --> tunica intima
51
where are the smooth muscle/elastic fibres in blood vessels
between tunica media & intima
52
what increases resistance in arteries
size of lumen (smaller = more resistance)
53
which has valves? arteries, veins, or both?
veins have valves so that blood doesn't flow backward because they transport blood at a low pressure
54
what is the property of blood in terms of directional flow
flows from high pressure point to low pressure point
55
what is the purpose of artierioles
reducing pressure before it gets to capillaries so they don't burst, and gas exchange can occur
56
what is deep vein thrombosis
accumulation of blood in veins that forms clots. clots can dislodge and create blockages
57
what is the pressure of blood in decreasing order
elastic arteries --> muscular arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> venae cavae
58
what affects blood flow
vessel radius, blood viscosity, vessel length
59
what is standard BP
120/80 mmHg
60
when is systolic pressure measured
peak measured during ventricular systole
61
when is diastolic pressure measured
min BP at the end of ventricular diastole
62
hypotension bp
90/60 mmHg
63
hypertension bp
140-159/90-99 mmHg
64
low bp
< 90/60 mmHg
65
normal bp
< 120/80 mmHg
66
elevated bp
120-129/80-89 mmHg
67
high bp stage 1
130-139/80-89 mmHg
68
high bp stage 2
> 140/90 mmHg
69
hypertensive crisis
> 180/120 mmHg
70
what's more important? systolic or diastolic?
systolic because it's indicative of contraction
71
why do we feint with low bp
easier for heart to perfuse the brain when the whole body is on the same plane
72
what is the difference between the cardiovascular & lymphatic system
cardio transports, lymph is part of immune system cardio is closed, lymph is open cardio has a pump, lymph doesn't cardio has red blood cells, lymph is plasma heart pumps 20L, 17L returned, 3L is lymph system
73
what is prospective ecg gating
image at specific point in cardiac cycle
74
what is prospective ecg gating
imaging performed consistently
75
what nerve controls heart rate
cranial nerve 10 e.g. vagus
76
what is the purpose of baroreceptors
sense changes in blood pressure
77
what is the purpose of chemoreceptors
sense changes in concentrations of O2 & CO2
78
how does Na affect BP
more Na retention in kidneys = more water retention = inc blood vol = inc BP
79
what is a heart attack
myocardial infarction
80
what is myocardial infarction
when blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, and heart muscle cells die. often the result of thrombosis
81
what level of occlusion causes asymptomatic CAD
<50% narrowing, but still symptomatic in vigorous exercise
82
what is atherosclerosis & it's risk factors
slow progressive disease where plaque builds in the arteries risk factors are age, smoking, obesity, high cholestrol, high BP
83
what does ischemic heart disease look like on an angiogram
areas have no blood flow, and heart can build more branches to supply blood
84
what is angina
blocking or constriction of a blood vessel in the heart e.g. coronary artery that results in chest pain
85
what is an aneurysm
bulging in the blood vessel that is > 50% of it's normal diameter often asymptomatic and at risk of bursting
86
what is heart failure
- muscle is pumping blood as well as it should - harder to fill chambers - venous pressure goes up causing back pressure through the venous system - high pressure in capillaries forces water into tissues
87
how do you tell which side of the heart is failing
left = pulmonary congestion & oedema because the left veins drain the lungs right = congestion & oedema of lower extremities because the right side veins drain the abdomen, ankles etc
88
what is systolic dysfunction
left side heart failure - poor LV contraction - defect is with relaxation of LV and delayed filling - causes are myocardial infarction - lung congestion
89
what is diastolic dysfunction
right side heart failure - RV fails due to left side heart failure or respiratory disease - congestion/oedema of lower extremities
90
what is cardiomyopathy & the 3 types
disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder to pump blood to the rest of the body dilated: dilation of all 4 chambers hypertrophic: muscle thickens restrictive: restricted filling because LV is hypertrophic
91
what are the two categories of heart failure
systolic & diastolic
92
how is cardiac failure assessed
plain radiographs, echocardiogram, doppler, radionucleotide ventriculography
93
what is valvular heart disease & the most common valve
disease or damage of heart valves aortic because it's the area with the most pressure
94
what are some diseases of the valves
stenosis = valves is narrowed and stiff so can't fully open regurgitation = valve is leaky prolapse = the valve slips out of place
95
what can valvular heart disease lead to
heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, death
96
how do you diagnosis valvular heart disease
murmurs through auscultation echocardiography
97
what are symptoms of valvular heart diseas
whoosing heart murmur angina abdominal swelling dyspnea
98
how is valvular heart disease treated
drugs, surgery, artificial valve replacement
99
what is congenital heart disease
heart structure defects present at birth e.g. atrial septal defect patent foramen ovale (fossa ovalis is not closed)
100
what are the pericardial diseases
acute pericarditis constrictive pericarditis
101
what is acute pericarditis
infection
102
what is constrictive pericarditis
stiffer & thicker than normal, calcification in CTs
103
what is pericardial effusion
accumulation of fluid in pericardium as a result of inflammation
104
what is cardiac tamponade
extreme pericardial effusion e.g. lots of fluid in pericardial space

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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