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Radiography 1 > Diseases of the Bones > Flashcards

Diseases of the Bones Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What is xray good for

A

Bone injuries, easy to visualise cortex

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2
Q

What is CT good for

A

Pinpoint injuries in bony structures & blood supply

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3
Q

What is MRI good for

A

Internal structure of bone, tissue differences (abnormal vs normal), inflammation of soft tissue

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4
Q

What is angiography for in metastatic bone disease

A

To see devascularisation of vascular metastases

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5
Q

What is sclerosis, and what does it look like on an xray

A

Increased bone density, very white, loss of visible structure

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6
Q

What is the name of the disease where blood supply to a bone has been stopped

A

Avascular necrosis of bone

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7
Q

What are the types of metastatic bone disease

A

Diffuse, or focal. Diffuse = uncontrolled osteoblast activity, focal affects cortex or medullary cavity

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8
Q

What is necrosis

A

Death of bone

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9
Q

What are the types of metastases

A

osteoblastic, osteolytic, both

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10
Q

Common primary causes of metastases in bone (cancers)

A

Prostate, breast, lung, kidney

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11
Q

Common originations of osteoblastic (sclerotic) disease

A

Prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, bladder, soft tissue sarcoma

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12
Q

What is avascular (aseptic) necrosis

A

Damage to blood supply that causes bone collapse

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13
Q

What is paget disease

A

Chronic bone disease, increased bone resorption & formation

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14
Q

Name diseases with decreased bone density (4)

A

Osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of decreased bone density (4)

A

No pain in early stages, pathologic fractures, lucency, compression of vertebral bodies

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of osteoporosis

A

Postmenopausal - osteoclastic activity (less osteoclasts & osteoblasts), Senile - loss of total bone mass

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17
Q

What increases the risk of ostseoporosis

A

Estrogen deficiency, steroids, alcoholism (less Ca absorption), cushing disease

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18
Q

What are osteoporosis treatments

A

Drugs to increase bone density & calcium resorption

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19
Q

What is a trabeculae

A

Tissue element in the middle of the bone that supports it & transfers load away from the cortical bone

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20
Q

What are the 3 forms of hyperparathyroidism (primary, secondary, tertiary)

A

1- hypercalcemia
2- renal disease
3- autonomous hyper secretion

  1. hypercalcaemia due to PTH 2. chronic renal disease due to calcium & phosphorous imbalance 3. autonomous hyper-secretion due to long standing secondary hyperparathyroidism
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21
Q

What’s hyperplasia

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.

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22
Q

What is rickets

A

Loss of bone density caused by lack of vitamin D from diet or lack of exposure in sun. Children will have bones that don’t form properly and can’t bear weight. Growth plates won’t close

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23
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

Adult version of rickets. Failure to calcify osteoid matrix, often chronic renal disease. Hallmark is pseudofracture

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24
Q

Where on the skeleton is it common to see osteomalacia

A

iscial rami, metatarsals, calcaneus

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25
Name 3 diseases with focal loss of bone density
metatstatic bone disease, multiple myeloma, osteomyelitis, primary benign tumors
26
What cancers are commonly associated with osteolytic metastatic bone disease
Prostate, breast, lung, renal, thyroid, lymphoma
27
What scan identifies metastases in skeletal tissue
Radionuclide bone scan
28
What is multiple myloma & how is it detected
Proliferation of immune cells in bone marrow, plain radiographs
29
What is osteomyelitis
Focal destruction of bone by bacterial infection, usually blood borne
30
How do you differentiate bone tumors
Plain radiology
31
Where does osteomyelitis usually grow
Growth plate in children, joint space in adults
32
How do you tell the difference between benign & malignant tumors/ lesion
Benign has well defined border, not spreading, lack of soft tissue match, still one destruction. Malignant looks permeative, interrupted & wide
33
What is osteoscarcoma
Metaphases of long bones especially distal femur
34
What is metaphses
Cartilage
35
What is chondrosarcoma
Metaphysis & diaphysis of long bones including pelvis
36
Fibrosarcoma?
Soft tissue metaphysis of femur & tibia
37
What specific parts of the bone get fractured
Diaphysis & epicondyle
38
What are complications of fractures
Compound (through skin), involvement of joints
39
What is a complete fracture
Both sides of cortex broken
40
Incomplete fracture
Soft bone, common in kids, break on one side
41
Torus/buckle fracture
Compression of cortex
42
What does torus look like on an x-ray
Small bump on bone
43
Look at types of fractures in notes
44
Difference between comminuted & simple fractures
Simple easy to put back together, comminuted is many little pieces and disrupts blood supply as well
45
Compacted bone fracture
Shaft of the bone goes into head of bone. Only bones like humerus
46
Transverse fracture
Goes straight across, caused by a bang
47
Oblique fracture
Angle straight across, landing with weight
48
Spiral fracture
All around the bone
49
Stress fracture
Lots of small breaks in the bone that don't allow it enough time to perform remodelling
50
Common stress fracture locations
Proximal femur & tibia, calcaneus, 2nd & 3rd metatarsals
51
Stages of fracture healing
1. Inflammatory - haematoma due to vessel damage. Inflammatory response localises the damage (first day) 2. Cartilage - Fibrocartilaginous callus formation (within a week), cartliage formation, vascularisation. 3. Ossification- Reparative (1-4weeks) can be 6 depending on age & complications. Cartilage is resorbed and replaced by bone (ossification). Clumps of osteoid (matrix) that will start to ossify. Still soft tissue. 4. Lamellar- Remodelling stage. Woven bone replaced by lamellar bone. Months to years.
52
Why are plates & pins added sometimes
To stabilise bone while it heals and avoid non union from excess movement
53
Factors affecting bone repair
Intact local blood supply - if there is no blood supply it won't heal & needs to be replaced Type of fracture - spiral & oblique repair faster than transverse Fixation - movement slows healing Age Concurrent infection, disease, nutrition (lack of Ca in diet)
54
What is the definition of a repair
Continuity of cortex, no visible fracture line, bone is calcified (4-6 weeks)
55
What is a callus
Lump around a broken bone
56
What is a pathologic fracture
One that occurs due to a pre-existing abnormality
57
What is a dislocation
Bones that formed the joint are no longer in correct contact
58
What is subluxation
Bones that formed the joint are in partial contact
59
What is arthritis
Inflammatory condition of joints that almost always causes joint space narrowing
60
What are the 3 types of arthritis
Osteo - degeneration of joint cartilage Inflammatory - immune system attacking joint Septic - immediate treatment due to bacterial infection in joint
61
What is osteoarthritis --> refer to notes
Hypertrophic arthritis that causes bone formation beyond parent bone Causes subchondral sclerosis & subchondral cysts
62
What is rheumatoid arthritis
Erosive arthritis Causes proliferation of synovial membrane Erosion of articular cartilage Soft tissue swelling of affected joints Deformation of joints Dry eyes, dry mouth
63
What does multiple myeloma look like on a radiograph
Multiple lytic lesions that look like soap bubbles
64
What does osteomyelitis look like on a radiograph
Loss of definition of cortex, gas looking appearance of soft tissues e.g. phalanges

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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