Repro

Question 1

what is the primary method of imaging

Answer 1

ultrasound, MRI if serious

Question 2

what causes the ovaries to double in size

Answer 2

tumours, cysts, pregnancy

Question 3

what is the function of the ovary

Answer 3

to produce an egg, and ovulate (release) it

Question 4

what do you see when imaging the ovary

Answer 4

the follicle, the ovum is inside

Question 5

how many oocytes do we have in one phase

Answer 5

about a dozen, to which only one survives out of the 2 ovaries

Question 6

what is the corpus luteum

Answer 6

the part left behind after ovulation that produces progesterone

Question 7

how many follicles are in an ovary and what differentiates them

Answer 7

many at different stages of development

Question 8

what is the prognosis for ovarian cancer

Answer 8

very poor prognosis as it is hard to diagnose, and only found in investigation when it’s progressed significantly

Question 9

what group is PCOS more common in

Answer 9

aboriginal / TS

Question 10

what group is ovarian cancer more common in

Answer 10

older women, 50+

Question 11

what does PCOS look like in an US

Answer 11

an ovary with follicles of the same size, which means they are actually cysts

Question 12

what is the function of the uterine tube & other names

Answer 12

to catch the egg
fallopian
oviducts

Question 13

what is an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 13

implantation outside the uterus, somewhere else in the uterine tube

Question 14

what happens in an ectopic pregnancy of the uterine tube

Answer 14

the egg implants outside the uterus, and risks rupture of the tube. if this occurs, the foetus won’t survive, and if surgery is not completed immediately, the mother may not survive either

Question 15

what happens if it implants in the cervix

Answer 15

still ectopic, and okay, but the placenta can grow across the cervix and means that the placenta comes first, and the baby might not have oxygen

Question 16

what is placenta previa

Answer 16

placenta comes first in birth

Question 17

what type of birth is required if an egg implants in the cervix

Answer 17

cesarian

Question 18

what is the prognosis/risk of an abdominal pregancy

Answer 18

blood vessels may rupture, oesophageal varices

Question 19

what are the causes of ectopic pregancy

Answer 19

salpingitis
scarring from past infections e.g. chlamydia (very common), peritonitis, ruptured appendix
fallopian tube defect
endometriosis
history of ectopic pregnancy
presence of IUD

Question 20

what are the causes of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 20

salpingitis
scarring from past infections e.g. chlamydia (very common), peritonitis, ruptured appendix because it can’t pass through the passageway
fallopian tube defect
endometriosis
history of ectopic pregnancy
presence of IUD

Question 21

what is a hystero-sono-salipinography

Answer 21

hystero = uterus
sono = ultrasound

for patients with severe pain during pregnancy

occurs quite early in pregnancy

Question 22

what is a hystero-salipingogram

Answer 22

contrast enhanced radiological procedure
to find blockages e.g. where the dye doesn’t spill out

Question 23

is the uterus muscular

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

what is the position of the uterus

Answer 24

anteverted & anteflexed

Question 25

what makes the uterus tilt for better imaging

Answer 25

full bladder

Question 26

what are the 3 tissue layers of the uterus

Answer 26

perimetrium = continous with peritoneum myometrium = smooth muscle endometrium = implantation, cyclical changes

Question 27

what is the artery of the uterus

Answer 27

uterine artery

Question 28

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle & the hormones produced

Answer 28

follicular phase = growing follice = oestrogen luteal phase = ruptured follice = progesterone

Question 29

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle [diagram in notes]

Answer 29

follicular = menstruation follicular = proliferative phase = endometrial repair luteal = secretory phase = progesterone comes in and thickens the uterine endometrium for nutrients to support embryo luteal = progesterone keeps being secreted till the placenta can take over. if no pregnancy, progesterone falls away and we go to menstruation

Question 30

what produces the oestrogens

Answer 30

the follicle

Question 31

how long does the corpus luteum survive during pregnancy

Answer 31

up to 7 weeks (till placenta takes over)

Question 32

where do most uterine cancers occur

Answer 32

> 90% in the endometrium

Question 33

what is a uterine sarcoma

Answer 33

cancer of the muscle

Question 34

what is the prognosis for uterine cancer

Answer 34

good because it's diagnosed quite early

Question 35

what is a leiomyoma

Answer 35

benign muscle tumour originating from the myometrium & stimulated by oestrogen because it stimulates proliferation

Question 36

what group is more likely to get a leiomyoma & how are they diagnosed

Answer 36

women > 50 diagnosed by ultrasound & MRI & biopsy need to also do chest imaging to rule out metastases

Question 37

what is submucosal

Answer 37

endometrial cavity of uterus

Question 38

what is intramural

Answer 38

myometrial layer of uterus

Question 39

what is subserosal

Answer 39

outer wall of uterus

Question 40

what is pendunculated

Answer 40

extends off the outer layer of the uterus

Question 41

what muscle is the breast anchored to

Answer 41

pectoralis major

Question 42

what is a common physical feature of tumours on the breast

Answer 42

lump created by suspensory ligaments (there are a lot on the breast)

Question 43

where does the breast extend to

Answer 43

upper lateral quadrant (under armpit)

Question 44

what is the function of the breast

Answer 44

to produce milk

Question 45

what are myoepithelial cells

Answer 45

cells with muscular capability e.g. contraction to extract milk

Question 46

can breast cancer metastasise [diagram]

Answer 46

it can if it's not in situ e.g. breaching the basement membrane

Question 47

does the menstrual cycle affect the breast

Answer 47

yes, secretory cells at the same time to produce milk

Question 48

when is it best to image the breast

Answer 48

5-10th day of cycle (e.g. before luteal phase)

Question 49

what is the endocrine component of the breast during pregnancy

Answer 49

progesterone & prolactin increase number of alveoli increase prolactin stimulates lactogenesis progesterone inhibits milk production till placenta comes out during birth

Question 50

what is density grades 1-4 and which is more likely to hide a tumour

Answer 50

amount of fat in breasts, dense breasts are more likely to hide a tumour

Question 51

what is an invasive ductal carcinoma

Answer 51

most common form of breast cancer that metastasises via lymphs, common in women > 55

Question 52

what is ductal carcinoma in situ

Answer 52

breast cancer that may become invasive

Question 53

what is lobular carcinoma in situ

Answer 53

breast cancer that peaks in women aged 40-50

Question 54

what do they biopsy when looking for breast cancer

Answer 54

inject a radioactive substance or dye into the sentinel lymph

Question 55

what are mammographic features of malignancy

Answer 55

asymmetry microcalcification mass or distortion malignant tumours have greater density

Question 56

where do the majority of breast lymps drain

Answer 56

axillary lymph nodes

Question 57

what are the lymph pathways that can enable metastases

Answer 57

medial pathways through pectoralis major and possibly contralateral breast

Question 58

what happens if the sentinel node is not clear during biopsy

Answer 58

it means the surgery required will be more extensive because the tumour has spread

Question 59

what temperature does spermatogenesis occur at

Answer 59

body temperature - 2 degrees 35.2 --> 36.8 - 2deg cel

Question 60

what maintains the temperature of sperm

Answer 60

scrotum

Question 61

what is dartos

Answer 61

a muscle that creates wrinkles in the scrotum to incr. surface area and help cool it down

Question 62

what plexus of veins cools the sperm

Answer 62

pampiniform plexus

Question 63

what is an inguinal hernia

Answer 63

the testes, like the ovaries starts in the abdominal cavity and takes a fold of peritoneum when it drops down this space allows intestinal loops to drop down

Question 64

what is the tunica albuginea

Answer 64

fibrous capsule around the testis

Question 65

what is the purpose of the testis

Answer 65

to produce sperm

Question 66

where is sperm made

Answer 66

seminiferous tubules

Question 67

where is sperm stored for maturation

Answer 67

epididymis

Question 68

what are sertoli cells

Answer 68

cells that support sperm production

Question 69

what are leydig cells

Answer 69

cells that produce testosterone

Question 70

how are the testis investigated

Answer 70

US

Question 71

is testicular cancer rare

Answer 71

yes

Question 72

where does ____ cancer originate from

Answer 72

seminiferous tubules

Question 73

what is testicular torsion

Answer 73

twisting of the spermatic cord that can be cogenital diagnosed in adolescents after minor trauma surgical emergency

Question 74

how is testicular torsion imaged

Answer 74

usually needs surgery immediately, but can do a doppler

Question 75

how does sperm move/ become motile

Answer 75

prostaglandins, mucus, fructose

Question 76

what passes through the prostate gland, and what is a pathology of this

Answer 76

the urethra, can hypertrophy in older males

Question 77

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia & how is it diagnosed

Answer 77

normal, non cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland usually close to rectum, so requires a digital rectal exam to check if it's hypertrophied then a transrectal US

Question 78

what is the most common cancer in men & how is it diagnosed

Answer 78

prostate cancer elevated PSA or prostatic enlargement, but high false positives usually asymptomatic

Question 79

does prostate cancer cause a urethral obstruction

Answer 79

rarely

Question 80

point to the following: ejaculatory duct seminal vesicle urinary bladder prostate epididymis deep muscles of peritoneum ductus deferens spermatic cord inguinal canal

Answer 80

diagram

Question 81

point to the following: internal os external os fundus posterior fornix of vagina labium minus labium majus fimbriae