Axial Skeleton Flashcards by Yuri Diaz

There are 8 cranial bones.
What are they:
mnuenomic device:
PEST OF 6

Frontal bone 
Parietal bone 
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone 
Ethmoid bone

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what type of cranial bone is this?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ large flat convex anterior roof of cranium and contains air filled sinuses connected to nasal cavity 
Features in the Frontal Bone:
* Squama 
Supraorbital foramen 
zygomatic process 
Supraorbital margin

Frontal bone

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In the frontal bone

_____- flat region of the bone forming the forehead

squama

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In the frontal bone

______- upper edge of orbit (eye socket)

Supraorbital margin

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In the frontal bone
_____ Opening in center of supraorbital margin contains opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve ( sensory information from superior regions of the face)

Supraorbital foramen

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In the frontal bone

________ articulates with frontal process of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic process

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What type of cranial bone is this? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (2)- large flat convex superior lateral walls of
cranium
Features of the parietal bones;
*Grooves for meningeal vessels-
*Parietal eminence
* Surrounded by 4 major sutures 
--Coronal suture 
--Squamous suture
--Sagittal suture
--lambdoid suture

Parietal bones

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On the parietal bones
_____- depressions on the deep surface that
contour to the blood vessels in the membranes surrounding the brain.

Grooves for meningeal vessels-

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On the parietal bones
_____- central region on exterior with greatest convex
curvature

Parietal eminence

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On the parietal bone.
Surrounded by 4 major sutures
5)______________________-between frontal and parietal
6)______________________-between temporal and parietal
7)______________________-between left and right parietal
8)______________________-between occipital and parietal

Coronal suture
squamous sutures
Sagittal sutures
lambdoid suture

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What type of cranial bone is this?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- large flat convex posterior wall and base of
cranium
Features of the occipital bone;
*Foramen magnum
*Occipital condyles
*hypoglossal canals 
*External occipital crest, protuberance, and nuchal lines
*Fossa for cerebrum
*Fossa for cerebellum
*Jugular notch

Occipital bone

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On the occipital bone?

_____contains medulla oblongata that attaches to spinal cord

Foramen magnum

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On the occipital bone?
_____-smooth extensions lateral to foramen magnum that
articulate with the first cervical vertebrae (atlas).

Occipital condyles

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On the occipital bone?
______-lateral to foramen magnum contains a
cranial nerve that excites muscles of tongue

Hypoglossal canals

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On the occipital bone?
_____-attachment for
muscles and ligaments that extend and stabilize the neck

External occipital crest, protuberance, and nuchal lines

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On the occipital bone?
_____-smooth convex deep surface contours to occipital lobe
of cerebrum

Fossa for cerebrum

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On the occipital bone?

______-smooth convex deep surface contours to cerebellum

Fossa for cerebellum

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On the occipital bone?
_____-forms the medial side of jugular foramen that is origin of
jugular vein draining blood from the brain

Jugular notch

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What type of cranial bone is this?
11)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (2)- medium sized irregular shape forms the
inferior lateral wall &amp; floor of cranium has 2 major parts:
*squamous part 
*petrous part 
Fetures of the temporal bone;
*zygomatic process 
*Madibular fossa 
*External acoustic (auditory) meatus
*Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus
*Mastiod process
*styloid process 
*Stylomastoid foramen 
*Carotid foramen ( Canal)

Temporal bone

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Major Part of temporal bone
_____-is the flat region that forms the
squamous suture.

squamous part

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Major Part of temporal bone
______-is the inferior part that has a complex
shape and contains middle ear with auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and
stapes) & inner ear with cochlea, vestibule, & semicircular canals

petrous part

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Part of temporal bone

____-articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone

zygomatic process

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Part of temporal bone

______-articulates w/ condylar p. of mandible to form only mobile skull joint

Madibular fossa

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Part of temporal bone
______- opening for air in external ear vibrate
the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the middle ear

External acoustic (auditory) meatus

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Part of temporal bone ______-vestibular cochlear nerve travels from inner ear

Internal acoustic (auditory) meatus

Part of temporal bone ______-insertion for sternocleidomastoid muscle that flex and rotates neck

Mastiod process

Part of temporal bone | ______-origin of styloglossus and stylohyoid muscles

styloid process

Part of temporal bone ______-located between the styloid and mastoid processes this opening contains the facial nerve

Stylomastoid foramen

Part of temporal bone _____-contains internal carotid artery supplying blood to the brain

Carotid foramen ( Canal)

``` What type of cranial bone is this? ______________________-medium sized irregular shape forms anterior floor of cranium and articulates with all seven of the other cranial bones. Contains air filled sinuses that connect to nasal cavity. Features of the sphenoid bone; *pterygoid processes *Greater wings: Foramen spinosum Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum *Lesser wings: Optic canals *Superior orbital fissure Sella turcica ```

Sphemoid bone

In the sphenoid bone. _____-inferior extensions that provide attachment for the pterygoid jaw muscles

pterygoid processes

In the sphenoid bone. ______- majority of bone extending lateral from the central body and contains: Within the greater wing three types of foramen: § _______- furthest posterior and lateral opening in greater wing, small round opening that contains meningeal vessels § _____- oval shaped opening on the posterior of the greater wing contains mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve § ______- round opening on the medial to ovale in the greater wing contains maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

Greater wings Foramen spinosum Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum

In the sphenoid bone. ______- broad regions on anterior superior to the greater wings within the lesser wing there is one foramen; § ______- contains optic nerve that carries vision from the eyes

Lesser wings: | Optic canals

In the sphenoid bone. ______-large elongated opening between the lesser wing and greater wing, contains several nerves traveling to/from eyes

Superior orbital fissure

In the sphenoid bone. ______-cup shaped depression posterior and medial to the lesser wings that protects the pituitary gland

sella turcica

``` What type of cranial bone is this? ______-small irregular bone that forms the roof of nasal cavity. Contains air filled sinuses that connect with nasal cavity. Feature of the ethmoid bone; *Crista galli *Cribriform plate *perpendicular plate *Nasal concha *Cranial Fossa anterior Middle posterior *Fontanelles anterior fontanelle posterior fontanelle sphenoidal fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle ```

Ethmoid bone

Part of Ethmoid bone: ______________________- “rooster comb” anterior attachment of falx cerebri (meninges that stabilize brain).

Crista galli

Part of Ethmoid bone: | ________-numerous small foramina lateral to the crista gali that contain branches of the olfactory nerve.

Cribriform plate

Part of Ethmoid bone: | ______-forms superior portion of nasal septum dividing the nasal cavity into left and right

perpendicular plate

Part of Ethmoid bone: _____-superior and middle nasal concha are scroll shaped extensions of the ethmoid that project into the nasal cavity lateral to the perpendicular plate and produce turbulence that helps warm and humidify incoming air.

Nasal concha

Part of Ethmoid bone: _____-smooth convex surfaces on floor of cranium contour around the brain • Anterior- formed from the Frontal, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid bones. • Middle- formed from the Sphenoid, Temporal, and Parietal bones. • Posterior- formed from the Occipital, Temporal, and Parietal bones

Cranial Fossa

Part of Ethmoid bone: _____-fibrous CT between cranial bones of an infant • 23__________fontanelle- junction of sagittal and coronal sutures where left and right halves of frontal bone merge together • 24)_________fontanelle- junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures • 25)________ fontanelle- junction of squamous and coronal sutures • 26)_______ fontanelle- junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures

``` Fontanelles: Anterior Posterior Sphenoidal Mastoid ```

Facial bones: 14 bones mnemonic device Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh

``` Vomer (1) Nasal Concha (2) Nasal Bones (2) Maxilla (2) Mandible (1) Palatine (2) Zygomatic bone (2) Lacrimal (2) ```

Facial bones | ____-small flat shape resembles a plow forms the inferior portion of nasal septum

Vomer

Facial bones ______-(2)- small irregular bones that form scroll shaped extension from the inferior lateral walls of nasal cavity to produce turbulence that helps warm and humidify incoming air.

Nasal concha

Facial bones | ____-(2)- small flat forming bridge of nose

Nasal bones

Facial bones ____- (2)- medium sized irregular shape forms upper jaw and medial margin of orbit. Contains air filled sinuses that connect to nasal cavity * Infraorbital foramen and inferior orbital fissure- contain a divisions of the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve * Palatal (palatine) process- forms anterior 2/3 of hard palate * Zygomatic process- articulates with zygomatic bone *Frontal process- articulates with the frontal bone o Alveolar process- ridges around upper teeth

Maxilla

Facial bone: _______-medium sized irregular bone forms lower jaw o B____- major region contains § A____- ridge around lower teeth § M______- opening on the anterior surface of the body that contains a division of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve. *R____- process that projects superior from the mandibular angle *C______- articulates with mandibular fossa to form only mobile skull joint *C_____- insertion for temporalis muscle that closes jaw *M_____- smooth concave curve at end of ramus between condylar and coronoid processes *M______- opening on the medial surface of the ramus that contains a division of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve carrying sensory information from lower jaw (site for Novocain injections)

``` Mandible Body Alveolar process Mental foramen Ramus Condylar process Coronoid process Mandibular Notch Mandibular foramen ```

Facial bones ______-(2)- small irregular bones that resemble the letter L with a horizontal plate that form the posterior 1/3 of hard palate

Palatine bones

Facial bone _____- (2)- medium sized irregular bones that form the cheeks located lateral to the maxillae and anterior to the temporal and sphenoid bones. *______- articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone * _______- articulates with zygomatic process of frontal bone

Zygomatic bones * Temporal process * Frontal process

Facial bone _____- (2)- the smallest bones of the face have a flat shape and are located in the medial orbits. * Lacrimal groove- forms nasolacrimal duct draining tears

Lacrimal bone

____- small irregular horseshoe shape located inferior to mandible has no bony joints

Hyoid

What bones have Orbital complex:

``` Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla bone Palatine bone Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone ```

Orbital complex: | ____-forms the roof and supraorbital margin

Frontal bone

Orbital complex: | ____-forms the lateral wall and lateral floor

Zygomatic bone

Orbital complex: | _____-has a frontal process that forms the medial margin and majority of the medial floor

Maxilla bone

Orbital complex: | _____-has a superior orbital process forming a small portion of the medial floor

Palatine bone

Orbital complex: | _____-forms the portion of the medial wall just lateral to the frontal process of the zygomatic bone

Lacrimal bone

Orbital complex: | _____-Forms the portion of the medial wall just medial to the sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Orbital complex: ______-forms the majority of the posterior wall containing the optic canal (foramen) and superior orbital (supraorbital) fissure.

Sphenoid bone

_____ (26 bones)- medium to small size and irregular shape, located along midline from base of skull to the pelvis and forms the vertebral cavity. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx

Vertebral column

______- Present at birth are in the thoracic and sacral regions

Primary curves

_____-Develop with upright posture, found in cervical and | lumbar regions

Secondary curves

``` Abnormal curvatures: ____- lateral curve; _____- exaggerated thoracic curve; _____- exaggerated lumbar curve (sway back) ```

Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis

Typical body of a vertebra The body is the large anterior region and the vertebral arch is the posterior region surrounding the vertebral canal that contains the spinal cord. •P_______- lateral walls of the vertebral foramen • L_____- posterior walls of the vertebral foramen • S_____- extends posterior from the lamina • T_____- extend lateral from the pedicles • Superior and inferior _______- extend from lamina and have facets to form joints between adjacent vertebrae.

``` Typical body of a vertebra; • Pedicles • Lamina • Spinouus process- • Transverse processes- • Superior and inferior articular processes- ```

____-formed by two adjacent vertebrae located between the | articular processes and bodies where spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord

Intervertebral foramen

____- pad preventing contact between adjacent vertebral bodies • Annulus fibrosus- outer ring of fibrocartilage • Nucleus pulposus- jelly-like core of loose CT

Intervertebral discs

Characteristics of cervical vertebrae (7) (C1-C7) Transverse foramina in _____ processes • ____ spinous process (split tip) • Small body and large _______ foramen • C1 is also known as ____ : no body, anterior & posterior arch attach to lateral masses w/ articular facets • C2 is also known as _____: the odontoid process or dens develops from what would have been the body of atlas and enables the rotation of atlas as occurs when you shake from side to side to say no. • C7 is also known as ____: - generally has the overall appearance similar to thoracic vertebrae with a long slender spinous process that is not bifid but C7 does not have costal facets that would be found on thoracic vertebrae.

``` Transverse Bifid Vertebral Atlas Axis Vertebra Prominens ```

Characteristics of thoracic vetebrae (12) ( T1- T12) ____on the body and transverse processes articulate with the ribs. ______ spinous process points inferior

Costal facets | • Long slender

Characteristics of lumbar vertebrae (5) ( L1-L5) ____shaped body and small vertebral foramen ____ square shaped spinous process

Large oval | • Blunt

_____- large irregular bone that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity and formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae. • ___- wide superior end articulates with L5 -Sacral Promontory- anterior rim of base. • ___- narrow inferior end articulates with coccyx • ____- contains spinal nerves that extend down from the spinal cord through the vertebral foramen and exit through the 4 pairs of sacral foramina

``` Sacrum Base -Sacral Promontory Apex Canal ```

in Sacrum ______crest- ridge on the posterior down midline resulting from fused spinous processes 58)___________ “tail” bone made of 3-5 small vertebrae that fuse together late in life.

Median sacral crest | coccyx

______-Large flat bone along midline on anterior thorax • ____--broad superior part o ____(suprasternal) notch- curved superior edge on midline between clavicles • ____- large middle portion • _____- “sword-like” small inferior pointed tip that is originally made of cartilage but gradually ossifies during adult life.

``` Sternum Manubrim Jugular Body Xiphoid process ```

_____- medium sized flat bones extending lateral and anterior from the thoracic vertebrae, the superior ten curve medial at the anterior of the thorax to form cartilaginous articulations with the sternum (costal cartilage). • Numbered in pairs starting from superior 1-12 • _____- numbered 1-7 attach to sternum directly through distinct costal cartilages. • ____ 8-10 attach to the costal cartilage of rib 7. • _____ 11 & 12 have no costal cartilage

Ribs True Ribs Flase Ribs Floating Ribs

Features of ribs _____-articulates with the costal facets of vertebral body o ____- articulates with the costal facets on the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae o ____- region between head and tubercle o ____- point of greatest curvature o ___-- long narrow depression on the inferior surface that contains costal nerves and blood vessels

``` Head- o Tubercle o Neck- o Angle- o Costal groove ```

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

(75 cards)