b Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Hypothesis:
A
A testable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question.
2
Q
Science:
A
The process of using observation & experiments to draw evidence-based conclusions
3
Q
Anecdotal Evidence:
A
Derived from personal observation and experience
4
Q
Science: A method of seeking answers to questions on the basis of observation and experimentation
A
5
Q
Experimental Group:
A
Experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation
6
Q
Control Group:
A
Experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation
7
Q
Placebo:
A
A fake treatment that mimics the experience of the experimental groups
8
Q
Independent Variable:
A
The factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group
9
Q
Dependent Variable:
A
Analyzed in both the experimental and control groups
10
Q
Scientific Theory:
A
A hypothesis that has never been disproved even after many years of rigorous testing.
11
Q
Correlation:
A
a consistent relationship between two variables
12
Q
Multicellular:
A
Increase in the organism’s size as the number of cells making up the organism increases.
13
Q
Homeostasis:
A
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment (dynamic state of equilibrium)
14
Q
Cell Theory:
A
states that all living organisms are made of cells
15
Q
Matter:
A
Anything that takes up space & has mass
16
Q
Atomic Number:
A
of protons found in the nucleus
17
Q
Atomic Mass
A
Adding the number of protons & neutrons
18
Q
Organic Molecule*-
A
Contain carbon-based backbones (at least one C-H bond)
19
Q
Macromolecules:
A
Large organic molecules that make up living organisms
20
Q
Protein:
A
speeds up chemical reactions, move things in and out of the cells and movement of cells
monomer-amino acids
21
Q
Nucleic Acid:
A
Nucleotides
22
Q
Lipid:
A
Nonpolar hydrophobic (fear of water) molecules (no monomer)
23
Q
Carbohydrate:
A
energy storing molecules and structural support that is Made up of one or more sugar monomer
24
Q
Polymer:
A
chain of monomers
25
Hydrogen Bond:
A weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge
26
Cohesion:
Surface tension, water molecules sticking to water molecules through hydrogen bonding
27
Adhesion:
Makes surfaces wet, water molecules sticking to other surfaces that have charge through hydrogen bonding
28
Solute:
a dissolved substance
29
Solvent:
a substance in which another substance dissolves
30
Ionic Bonds:
A strong electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
31
pH:
The concentration of hydrogen ions also called protons in a solution
32
Antibiotic:
chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria
33
Eukaryotic:
Larger contain membrane-bound nucleus. Include animals
34
Prokaryotic:
Typically small and lack internal membrane-bound organelles. Include bacteria and archaea
35
Osmosis:
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
36
Tonicity:
The relative concentration of solute and solvent on one side of the plasma membrane compared to the other side.
37
Macronutrient:
Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health
38
Essential Nutrients:
cannot be synthesized by our body and must be obtained pre-assembled from our diet.
39
Activation Energy:
is energy required for chemical reactions to proceed
40
Enzyme:
Proteins that speed up the rates of a chemical reaction
41
Catabolic Reaction:
Any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules
42
Anabolic Reaction:
Any chemical reaction that combines simpler molecules to build more complex molecules
43
Photosynthesis:
Have ability to capture energy of sunlight and convert it into usable forms of energy
44
Conservation of Energy Theory:
Theory that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another
45
Autotroph:
(Self-feeders) organisms that capture the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis creating their own “food”
46
Pigment:
A molecule that absorbs a photon of light and becomes excited
47
Carbon Fixation:
Conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic form (glucose)
48
Body Mass Index (BMI):
An estimate of body fat based on height and weight
49
Calorie:
Common unit of energy used in food nutrition labels
50
Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT):
The amount of energy expended in everyday activities
51
ATP:
Nucleotide that stores chemical energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups
52
Aerobic Respiration:
A series of reactions that occurs in presence of oxygen and converts chemical energy stored in food into ATP
53
Fermentation:
Occurs in the cytoplasm, the Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, then converts the pyruvate into lactic acid (humans) or alcohol (yeast)
54
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – hereditary molecule passed from parents to offspring
55
Genome:
A complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism
56
Semi Conservative DNA replication:
A double-stranded segment is replicated into two double-stranded segments each one having one new strand and one old strand.
57
Coding Sequence:
sequences used to make proteins extremely similar among individuals
58
Non Coding Sequence:
Do not contain instructions for making proteins vary much more between individuals.
59
Short Tandem Repeats:
are found in noncoding regions of DNA
60
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
a laboratory technique used to replicate a specific DNA segment.
61
Gel Electrophoresis:
Laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size
62
Gene:
A sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to make a protein
63
Gene Expression:
genes are expressed when the cell uses the instructions in the DNA to make proteins.
64
Regulatory Sequence:
controls the timing location
65
Coding Sequence:
Determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein
66
Hydrophobic:
(non-polar) clump together in the middle of protein
67
Hydrophilic:
face outward or interact with one another
68
Allele:
Alternative versions of the same gene
69
Transcription:
turning DNA into RNA (happens in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm of prokaryotic
70
Translation:
turning RNA into protein (ribosomes are used for this)
71
Ribosome:
carry out protein synthesis in all cells
72
Point Mutation:
substituting one nucleotide for another
73
Frameshift Mutation:
change in the reading frame of a gene
74
Rearranged DNA Mutation:
sections of DNA move
75
Germ-Line Cells: Mutation occurs in sperm and egg cells (gametes)
Mutation occurs in sperm and egg cells (gametes) passed from parent to child
76
Somatic Cells:
non-germ cells not passed on to children.
77
Gamete:
egg cells and sperms
78
Cell Cycle:
ordered sequence of events
79
Interphase:
preparatory phase, makes a copy of its contents
80
Mitosis:
nuclear division, separations of sister chromatids
81
Cytokinesis:
the division of the cytoplasm
82
Meiosis:
a specialized type of nuclear division that generates genetically unique haploid gametes
83
Homologous Chromosomes
: paired chromosomes
84
Sister Chromatids:
The two identical DNA molecules that make up a replicated chromosome following DNA replication
85
Centromere:
the specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined
86
Centriole:
(cytoskeleton component) migrate to opposite poles of cell
87
Apoptosis:
programmed cell death
88
Cancer:
a disease of unregulated cell division
89
Benign Tumor:
Noncancerous tumor, does not spread throughout body
90
Metastasize:
cancerous tumor that spreads and invade other tissues
91
Diploid:
have two copies of every chromosome
92
Haploid:
only one copy of a chromosome
93
Law of Segregation:
during the production of gametes two copies of the same gen separate
94
Law of Independent Assortment:
maternal and paternal chromosomes randomly line up next to each other along the midline of the cell
95
Recombination:
Maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments
96
Heterozygous:
Individuals have two different alleles - Aa
97
Homozygous:
Individuals have two identical alleles – AA or aa
98
Genotype:
the particular genetic makeup of an individual
99
Phenotype:
the visible or measurable features of an individual
100
Karyotype:
the complete set of chromosomes in a cell
101
Autosomal Chromosome:
Paired chromosomes present in both males and females
102
Gonads:
sex organs
103
Androgens:
sex hormones
104
X-Linked Trait:
Phenotype that is determined by an allele on an X chromosome
105
Pedigree:
A visual representation of the occurrence of phenotypes across generations
106
Incomplete Dominance:
Inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
107
Codominance:
Inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype
108
Polygenetic Trait:
A single trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction between alleles of more than one gene
109
Multifactorial Inheritance:
An interactions between genes and environment contributes to a phenotype or trait
110
Epigenetics:
Changes in gene expression (transcription and translation) that are not based on changes in the DNA
111
Nondisjunction:
Failure of chromosomes to separate accurately
112
Aneuploidy:
An abnormal number of one or more chromosomes
113
Anatomy:
The study of physical structures that make up an organism
114
Physiology:
The study of the way a living organism’s physical parts function
115
Endocrine System:
Communication among tissues: pituitary gland, thyroid gland
116
Nervous System:
Sense and respond: brain, spinal cord
117
Positive Feedback Loop:
Loop acts to increase the response of the system
118
Negative Feedback Loop:
Loop feeds back on the sensors to decrease the response, most often seen in homeostasis
119
Thermoregulation:
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal body temperature
120
Osmoregulation:
Maintenance of relatively stable volume pressure
121
Osmolarity:
the total concentration of solute particles in a solution
