Bio final Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
Define Hypothesis
A
A testable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question.
2
Q
Define Science
A
The process of using observation & experiments to draw evidence-based conclusions
3
Q
Define Anecdotal evidence
A
Derived from personal observation and experience
4
Q
Define Scientific Evidence
A
Derived from systematic observation and
experimentation
5
Q
Define Science
A
A method of seeking answers to questions on the basis of observation and experimentation
6
Q
Define Experimental group
A
Experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation
7
Q
Define Control Group
A
Experiences no experimental intervention or manipulation
8
Q
define Placebo
A
A fake treatment that mimics the experience of the experimental groups
9
Q
Define Independent Variable
A
The factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group
10
Q
Define Dependent Variable
A
Analyzed in both the experimental and control groups
11
Q
Define Scientific Theory
A
A hypothesis that has never been disproved, even after many years of rigorous testing.
12
Q
Define correlation
A
a consistent relationship between two variables
13
Q
Define Statistical Significance
A
Measure (mathematical) of confidence that the results are “real” & not due to random chance
14
Q
Define sample size
A
Number of experimental subjects in the experiment
15
Q
Define epidemiology
A
the study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors
16
Q
Define Randomized clinical trial
A
A controlled medical experiment in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive either experimental treatment or a standard treatment
17
Q
Define blind study
A
participants do not know what treatment they are given
18
Q
Define Double-Blind study
A
both investigator and participants does
not know what treatment the participants are given
19
Q
Define Unicellular
A
Increase in cell size prior to reproduction
20
Q
Define Multicellular
A
Increase in the organism’s size as the number of cells making up the organism increases.
21
Q
Define Homeostasis
A
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment (dynamic state of equilibrium)
22
Q
Define metabolism
A
all the chemical reactions occurring in the living organism
23
Q
Define Cell theory
A
states that all living organisms are made of cells
24
Q
Define Atomic Number
A
of protons found in the nucleus
25
Define Atomic mass
Adding the number of protons & neutrons
26
Define matter
Anything that takes up space & has mass
27
Define Nonpolar covalent bonds
equally share electrons
28
Define Polar covalent bonds
unequally share electrons
29
Define Organic Molecule
Contain carbon-based backbones
30
Define Molecule
Two or more atoms linked together by sharing electrons
31
Define Inorganic Molecules
Lack carbon-based backbones
32
Define Macromolecules
Large organic molecules that make up living organisms
33
Define polymer
chain of monomers
34
Define Carbohydrates
energy storing molecules and structural support that is Made up of one or more sugar monomer
35
Define proteins
speeds up chemical reactions, move things in and out of the cells and movement of cells
monomer-amino acids
36
Define Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
37
Define Lipids
Nonpolar hydrophobic (fear of water) molecules
38
Define semi-permeable membrane
Double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids
39
Define Hydrogen Bond
A weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge
40
Define Cohesion
Surface tension, water molecules sticking to water molecules through hydrogen bonding
41
Define Adhesion
Makes surfaces wet, water molecules sticking to other surfaces that have charge through hydrogen bonding
42
Define Solute
a dissolved substance
43
Define Solvent
a substance in which another substance dissolves
44
Define solution
the mixture of solute and solvent
45
Define Ionic Bonds
A strong electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
46
Define Ions
Atoms that have an electrical charge
47
Define pH
The concentration of hydrogen ions also called protons in a solution
48
Define Antibiotic
chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria
49
Define Eukaryotic
Larger, contain membrane-bound nucleus. Include animals, plants, fungi and algea
50
Define Prokaryotic
Typically, small and lack internal membrane-bound organelles. Include bacteria and archaea
51
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
52
Define Tonicity
The relative concentration of solute and solvent on one side of the plasma membrane compared to the other side
53
Define Hypotonic solution
low solute concentration compared to cell (solution < cell)
54
Define Isotonic solution
same solute concentration as cell (solution = cell)
55
Define Hypertonic solution
high solute concentration compared to cell (solution > cell)
56
Define cell lysis
Prevents excess water from flowing into cell preventing it from swelling and bursting
57
Define Gram-positive
Cell wall: thick layer of peptidoglycan
58
Define Gram-negative
Cell wall: thin layer of peptidoglycan
59
Define Macronutrient
Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health
60
Define Micronutrients
Nutrients that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health
61
Define Essential Nutrients
cannot be synthesized by our body and must be obtained pre-assembled from our diet.
62
Define Non-Essential Nutrients
Nutrients our body can synthesize (create) from other chemicals
63
Define chemical reaction
a process where chemical bonds between
atoms are formed and/or broken
64
define reactants
Substances that go into a
chemical reaction
65
Define products
Substances produced by a reaction
66
Define Activation Energy
energy required for chemical reactions to proceed
67
Define Enzyme
Proteins that speed up the rates of a chemical reaction
68
Define Active site
Part of enzyme that substrates bond to
69
Define substrate
reactant of the chemical reaction that bind to the enzyme
69
Define Catabolic Reaction
Any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules
69
Define catalyst
speed up chemical reactions by lowering the
activation energy
70
Define Anabolic Reaction
Any chemical reaction that combines simpler molecules to build more complex molecules
71
Monosaccharides with 1;2;1 ratio
Hexoses - contain six carbon atoms C6H12O
Glucose - body’s key source of energy
71
Disaccharides
Lactose – disaccharide found in milk
Sucrose – disaccharide found in table sugar
Maltose – disaccharide found in malts
72
Monosaccharides
Pentoses - contain five carbon atoms C5H10O5 and C5H10O4
Deoxyribose – Important for DNA
Ribose – Important for RNA
73
Polysaccharides
Starch: A storage form of glucose in plants; serves as a major energy source.
Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, not digestible by humans but important for dietary fiber
.Glycogen: The storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in liver and muscle tissues.
74
Define Fatty Acids & Glycerol
Fatty Acids: Contain long chains of carbon atoms bonded to one another and hydrogen atoms
Glycerol: Three hydroxyl groups
75
Define Saturated, trans fat and Unsaturated Fats
Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbons, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbon, liquid at room temperature
Trans fats – unsaturated fats processed to act more like saturated fatty acids
76
Define vitamins and the types
Vitamins - Small organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance
- Vitamin A (retinol) – vision, teeth & bones, immune system
-Vitamin B group – energy, red blood cells,
genetic materials DNA and RNA
-Vitamin C – collagen, healing wounds, teeth & bones
-Vitamin D – helps absorb calcium for bones and teeth
-Vitamin E – antioxidant, red blood cells, and muscle tissue
-Vitamin K – blot clotting - prevents loss of blood after injury
77
define Fat-soluble
excess vitamin is stored in fat cells so too much of the vitamin can harm health (Vit A, D, E, K)
78
Define Water-soluble
excess vitamin is excreted in urine and is not harmful to your health (Vit B group, Vit C)
79
Define minerals and the types
Minerals - Inorganic chemical elements required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance
* Calcium (Ca) – bone & teeth, blood clotting
* Iron (Fe) – component of red blood cells which carries oxygen
* Potassium (K) – electrolyte balance, muscle
contraction, nerve function
* Sodium (Na) - electrolyte balance, muscle contraction, nerve function
79
Define coenzyme
a small organic cofactor such as a vitamin
80
Define Cofactors
non-protein molecule (e.g., minerals) that assist the function of enzymes
81
Define Photosynthesis
Have ability to capture energy of sunlight and convert it into usable forms of energy
82
Define Conservation of Energy Theory
Theory that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another
83
Define Autotroph
(Self-feeders) organisms that capture the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis creating their own “food"
84
Define Heterotrophs
(other feeders) Organisms that obtain energy by eating organic molecules produced by
other organisms
85
Define Light dependent reactions
“photo” part, Light energy (photons) is captured in chemical form H2O → O2
85
Define pigment
A molecule that absorbs a photon of light and becomes excited
86
Define Chlorophyll
a pigment in chloroplasts of plants that absorbs photons of light (blue and red; reflect green)
87
Define stomata
CO2 gas enters plant cells through pores
87
Define Light independent reactions
“synthesis” part, Chemical energy is used to generate glucose molecules from carbon dioxide CO2 → C6H12O6
88
define Calvin cycle
Breakdown of ATP and electrons from NADPH
power a series of reactions to convert CO2
to glucose
89
Define Carbon Fixation
Conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic form (glucose)
89
Define Calorie
Common unit of energy used in food nutrition labels
89
Define Body Mass Index (BMI)
An estimate of body fat based on height and weight
90
Define calorie
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C
91
Define Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)
The amount of energy expended in everyday activities
92
Define ATP
Nucleotide that stores chemical energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups
93
Define Aerobic Respiration
A series of reactions that occurs in presence of oxygen and converts chemical energy stored in food into ATP
94
Define matrix
part inside inner membrane with important
enzymes for aerobic respiration
95
Define Fermentation
Occurs in the cytoplasm, the Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, then converts the pyruvate into lactic acid (humans) or
alcohol (yeast)
96
Define DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – hereditary molecule passed from parents to offspring
97
Define Chromosome
consists of a single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
98
Define Genome
A complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism
99
Define Semi Conservative DNA replication
A double-stranded segment is replicated into two double-stranded segments, each one having one new strand and one old strand.
99
Define Coding Sequence
sequences used to make proteins, extremely similar among individuals
100
Define Non Coding Sequence
Do not contain instructions for making proteins, vary much more between individuals.
101
Define Short Tandem Repeats
are found in noncoding regions of DNA
102
Define Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
a laboratory technique used to replicate a specific DNA segment.
103
Define Gel Electrophoresis
Laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size
104
Define Gene
A sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to make a protein
105
Define Gene Expression
genes are expressed when the cell uses the instructions in the DNA to make proteins
106
define locus
Specific position on chromosome where a
particular gene is located
107
Define Regulatory Sequence
controls the timing ,location, and amount of gene expression
108
Define coding sequence
Determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein
109
define hydrophobic
(non-polar) clump together in the middle of protein
110
Define Hydrophilic
face outward or interact with one another
111
Define Allele
Alternative versions of the same gene
112
Define Transcription
turning DNA into RNA (happens in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm of prokaryotic
113
Define Translation
turning RNA into protein (ribosomes are used for this)
114
Define Ribosome
carry out protein synthesis in all cells
115
Define Transgenic organisms
refers to an organisms that carries one or more genes from a different species
116
Define mutation
the change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
117
Define Recombinant gene
genetically engineered gene that contains portion of genes not naturally found together
118
Define point mutation
substituting one nucleotide for another
* Silent - no change in amino acid sequence
* Missense- A different amino acid sequence
* Nonsense- introduces an early stop codon
119
Define Frameshift Mutation
change in the reading frame of a gene
* Insertion- Insert one or more nucleotides
* Deletion- deletes one or more nucleotides
119
Define Rearranged DNA Mutation
Sections of DNA move
* Inversion- a group of nucleotides are flipped to read in reverse order
* Translocation- moves segments of DNA from one chromosome to another
120
Define Somatic cells
non-germ cells, not passed on to children
120
Define Germ-Line cells
Mutation occurs in sperm and egg cells (gametes), passed from parent to child
120
Define Gamete
egg cells and sperms
120
Define tissue
a group of cells working together to carry
out a specific function
121
Define cell cycle
ordered sequence of events
122
Define Interphase
preparatory phase, makes a copy of its contents
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Define Mitotic phase
Division phase, one parent cell divides into two new daughter cells
124
Define Mitosis
nuclear division, separations of sister chromatids
125
Define Cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm
126
Define Meiosis
a specialized type of nuclear division that generates genetically unique haploid gametes
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Define Homologous Chromosomes
paired chromosomes
128
Define Sister Chromatids
The two identical DNA molecules that make up a replicated chromosome following DNA replication
129
Define Centromere
the specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined
130
Define centriole
(cytoskeleton component) migrate to opposite poles of cell
131
Define Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
132
Define cancer
A disease of unregulated cell division
133
Define benign tumor
Noncancerous tumor , does not spread throughout body
134
Define malignant tumor
cancerous tumor
135
Define Metastasize
cancerous tumor that spreads and invade other tissues
136
Define Diploid
have two copies of every chromosome
137
Define Haploid
only one copy of a chromosome
138
Define Law of segregation
during the production of gametes two copies of the same gen separate
139
Define law of independent assortment
maternal and paternal chromosomes randomly line up next to each other along the midline of the cell
140
Define Recombination
Maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments
141
Define Heterozygous
Individuals have two different alleles - Aa
142
Define Homozygous
Individuals have two identical alleles – AA or aa
143
Define Genotype
the particular genetic makeup of an individual
144
Define Phenotype
the visible or measurable features of an individual
145
Define Karyotype
the complete set of chromosomes in a cell
146
Define Autosomal Chromosome
Paired chromosomes present in both males and females
147
Define Gonads
sex organs
148
Define Androgens
Sex hormones
149
Define X-Linked Trait
Phenotype that is determined by an allele on an X chromosome
150
Define Pedigree
A visual representation of the occurrence of phenotypes across generations
151
Define Incomplete Dominance
Inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
152
Define Codominance
Inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype
153
Define Polygenetic Traits
A single trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction between alleles of more than one gene
154
Define Multifactorial Inheritance
An interactions between genes and environment contributes to a phenotype or trait
155
Define Epigenetics
Changes in gene expression (transcription and translation) that are not based on changes in the DNA
156
Define Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to separate accurately
157
Define Aneuploidy
An abnormal number of one or more chromosomes
158
Define Anatomy
The study of physical structures that make up an organism
159
Define Physiology
The study of the way a living organism’s physical parts function
160
Define Endocrine System
Communication among tissues: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas
161
Define Nervous System
Sense and respond: brain, spinal cord, nerves
162
Define Positive Feedback Loop
Loop acts to increase the response of the system
163
Define Negative Feedback Loop
Loop feeds back on the sensors to decrease the response, most often seen in homeostasis
164
Define Thermoregulation
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal body temperature
165
Define Osmoregulation
Maintenance of relatively stable volume, pressure, and solute concentration of bodily fluids, especially blood
166
Define Osmolarity
the total concentration of solute particles in a solution
