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Biology 1101 > BioL lab 1011 2 > Flashcards

BioL lab 1011 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of energy is sunlight energy?

A

Electromagnetic energy

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2
Q

Define wavelength.

A

Distance between crests of two adjacent waves often measured in nanometers.

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3
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

A

The energy of light is determined by wavelength.

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4
Q

What are the three types of UV light?

A
  • UVA (400-320nm)
  • UVB (320-290nm)
  • UVC (290-200nm)
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5
Q

What is the ability of UVA, UVB, and UVC to move through the ozone layer?

A
  • UVA: can move through the ozone layer
  • UVB: doesn’t move through the ozone
  • UVC: doesn’t move through the ozone
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6
Q

What are the effects of UVA, UVB, and UVC on the human body?

A
  • UVA: can cause cancer
  • UVB: cause wrinkles, pre-mature aging and skin cancer
  • UVC: does not affect the human body
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7
Q

Name and describe the two types of agents used in sunscreen.

A
  • Physical sunscreen: inorganic in nature, block and reflect UV radiation
  • Chemical sunscreen: organic components that absorb UV radiation
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8
Q

What does SPF stand for?

A

Sun protection factor

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9
Q

How do you calculate the SPF required to prevent sunburn?

A

Length of time until getting sunburn = (minutes before burning) x (sun protection factor)

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10
Q

What pigment is produced by the skin to help prevent damage by UV light?

A

Melanin

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11
Q

What type of cells produce melanin?

A

Melanocyte

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12
Q

What type of skin cancer originates from melanocytes?

A

Melanoma

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13
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and Mitosis

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14
Q

What is the difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

A

Plants form a cell plate at equator; animals create a cleavage furrow.

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15
Q

Are all tumors cancerous?

A

NO

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16
Q

What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors?

A
  • Malignant tumors: abnormal cells that spread
  • Benign tumors: do not spread and are not cancerous
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17
Q

Name the two classes of cell cycle genes that can lead to cancer development.

A
  • Proto-oncogenes
  • Tumor suppressors
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18
Q

What is genetic predisposition?

A

Cells inherit a mutation in cell cycle genes from parents.

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19
Q

Define gene.

A

A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein.

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20
Q

Define allele.

A

A DNA sequence at the genetic locus.

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21
Q

Define genotype.

A

Combination of alleles.

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22
Q

Define phenotype.

A

Set of observable traits.

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23
Q

How many alleles for a particular gene can an individual have?

A

Two alleles

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24
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?

A
  • Homozygous: two identical alleles
  • Heterozygous: two different alleles
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25
How do we represent a dominant allele?
A capitalized letter
26
How do we represent a recessive allele?
A lower-case letter
27
What are the four types of blood (not taking Rh factor into account)?
* A * B * AB * O
28
What type of non-Mendelian inheritance does blood type represent?
Codominance Inheritance
29
What is Rh factor and how is it represented?
An inherited protein on red blood cells; presence is '+' and absence is '-'.
30
What is an antibody?
Blood proteins produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.
31
What is an antigen?
Substance/molecule that can induce an immune response.
32
What occurs when antibodies against a particular antigen are mixed with cells that express the antigen?
Agglutination
33
What is antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria change and can no longer be killed or stopped by antibiotics.
34
What temperature was used to incubate the bacteria?
35°C (95°F)
35
What type of growth medium was used?
Trypticase soy agar (TSA)
36
What antibiotic was used?
Ampicillin
37
How long should you wash your hands according to health professionals?
20 seconds
38
What are areas of the hands most often missed when washing?
* Back of the hands * Thumbs * Fingertips * In-between the fingers * Under fingernails
39
What product can be used to demonstrate how germs spread?
Glow germ
40
Why does washing your hands with soap work against the coronavirus?
The soap breaks down the chemicals and gets rid of them.
41
Define evolution.
A process of cumulative change in allele frequencies in a population over time.
42
Define natural selection.
The process of living organisms adapting.
43
What is adaptation?
Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual.
44
Define biological fitness.
The reproductive success of an individual relative to others in the population.
45
Who is Charles Darwin?
An English naturalist who produced a theory that all species share a common ancestor.
46
What conditions are necessary for natural selection to occur?
* Heritable variation within the population * More individuals than the environment can support * Environment favors certain traits
47
What islands did Darwin's observations lead him to establish the theory of natural selection?
The Galápagos Islands
48
Name some scientists that contributed to the development of the theory of natural selection.
* Alfred Wallace * Charles Lyell * Thomas Malthus
49
What organism did we simulate during the lab activity?
Platyspiza, Geospiza, pinaroloxias, certhidea
50
What did the different tools simulate during the lab activity?
Flinch beaks
51
What did we use to represent food for the activity?
* Beans * Radish seed * Sunflower seed
52
What were the three scenarios simulated during the lab activity?
* Scenario 1: Abundance * Scenario 2: Drought Limited * Scenario 3: Drought Limited, Only 1 Source of Food
53
How many seeds needed to be collected for survival?
More than 30 seeds/beans
54
What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
* Oxygenated blood: contains oxygen * Deoxygenated blood: does not contain oxygen
55
Describe the flow of blood through the heart.
Blood enters the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, then to the pulmonary arteries, back to the left atrium, to the left ventricle, and out to the body via the aorta.
56
What is the normal range for resting heart rate?
60–80 beats per minute
57
Be able to identify the following structures on an image of a human heart model.
* Left Atrium * Right Atrium * Left Ventricle * Right Ventricle * Apex * Auricles of the Left and Right Atrium * Superior Vena Cava * Inferior Vena Cava * Pulmonary Veins * Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries * Aorta * Aortic Arch * Interventricular Septum * Tricuspid Valve * Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve * Papillary Muscle * Chordae Tendinae * Pulmonary Semilunar Valve * Aortic Semilunar Valve * Coronary Arteries
58
What is the difference between the human brain and the sheep brain?
The human brain is bigger and heavier than the sheep brain.
59
What blood type is the universal donor
O-
60
what blood type is the universal recipient
AB+
61
What is a colony
A visible cluster of microorganisms growing on the surface of a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell.
62
How do bacteria reproduce?
With Binary Fission
63
What characteristics do scientist use to describe colony morphology?
Colony color and size, Colony translucency vs opacity, Colony texture (rough vs smooth), Margin Elevation
64
What are the most common types of microorganisms?
Bacteria, Fungi, viruses and protozoa
65
What was the antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming?
penicillin
66
What does “ubiquity of microorganisms” mean?
The concept that microorganisms are omnipresent, or present everywhere all around us
67
Define microorganisms
Organisms that are too small to be seen without aid of magnification
68
How can you tell the difference between a bacterial colony and fungal colony
fungal colonies tend to be furry; bacterial colonies tend to have rather smoothly textured surfaces.
69
For each of the following in terms of simple Mendelian inheritance, state the appropriate genotype and phenotype
o Rr – Heterozygous; dominant o RR – Homozygous dominant o rr - Homozygous recessive

Biology 1101 (7 decks)

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