test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Nutrients
A
Components in food that the body needs to grow, develop, and repair itself
1. Provide chemical building blocks (organic molecules, H20, etc.)
- Provide energy
2
Q
Macronutrients
A
Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health
3
Q
Micronutrients
A
Nutrients that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health
4
Q
Non-Essential Nutrients
A
Nutrients our body can synthesize (create) from other chemicals
5
Q
Essential Nutrients
A
Cannot be synthesized by our body and must be obtained pre-assembled from our diet
6
Q
Macronutrients include what three organic macromolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids (Fats) which are essential for energy production and bodily functions
7
Q
Animal products contain
A
more protein
8
Q
Plant products contain
A
more carbohydrate
9
Q
Must be broken into individual subunits/monomers that can be
absorbed by the body this is
A
Digestion
10
Q
digestion of macronutrients requires
A
chemical reaction
11
Q
Chemical Reaction
A
a process where chemical bonds between atoms are formed and/or broken
12
Q
Substances that go into a
chemical reaction are
A
reactants
13
Q
Substances produced by a
reaction are
A
Products
14
Q
Activation energy
A
is energy required for a
chemical reaction to proceed (Brings reactants to a transition state)
15
Q
Enzymes
A
are proteins that speed up the rates of a chemical reactions (act as biological catalysts)
16
Q
Catalyst
A
speed up chemical reactions
by lowering the activation energy
17
Q
Substrate
A
reactant of the chemical reaction that bind to the enzyme
18
Q
Active Site
A
Part of enzyme that substrates bond to
19
Q
Metabolism
A
All the chemical reactions that occur in your body are
20
Q
Two major types of metabolism occur in living organisms
A
Anabolic reactions
Catabolic reactions
21
Q
Anabolic Reactions
A
require energy to combine simpler molecules into complex ones.
(e.g., amino acids to proteins).
22
Q
Catabolic reactions
A
release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.
( e.g., proteins to amino acids)
23
Q
Carbohydrates are primarily broken down into
A
monosaccharides
24
Q
carbohydrates typically have a ring structure and consist of
A
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O).
25
Carbohydrates play vital roles in
energy storage and supply, as well as in cellular structure and signaling.
26
Definition and Classification carbohydrates
-Saccharide: General term for sugar, which can be classified based on the number of sugar units.
*Monosaccharide: Simplest form of sugar, consisting of a single sugar unit (e.g., glucose).
*Disaccharide: Composed of two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
*Oligosaccharides: Composed of a few (typically 3-10) monosaccharides.
*Polysaccharide: Composed of many monosaccharides, often serving as energy storage or structural components.
27
Monosaccharides with 1;2;1 ratio
Hexoses - contain six carbon atoms C6H12O
Glucose - body's key source of energy
28
Monosaccharides
Pentoses - contain five carbon atoms C5H10O5 and C5H10O4
Deoxyribose – Important for DNA
Ribose – Important for RNA
29
Disaccharides
Lactose – disaccharide found in milk
Sucrose – disaccharide found in table sugar
Maltose – disaccharide found in malts
30
Polysaccharides
Starch: A storage form of glucose in plants; serves as a major energy source.
Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, not digestible by humans but important for dietary fiber
.Glycogen: The storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in liver and muscle tissues.
31
Proteins are polymers made up of / broken down into
amino acids linked by peptide bonds; they perform a variety of functions in the body.
32
there are how many standard amino acids and how many essential amino acids
20 standard amino acids, 9 of which are essential and must be obtained from the diet (e.g., eggs, fish, meat).
33
Function of protein
Include catalyzing biochemical reactions (enzymes), transporting molecules, providing structural support, and signaling
34
Structure of Amino Acids
- amine group (with nitrogen)
- carboxyl group
- variable side chain (R group)
35
Triglycerides (Fats) are broken down into
fatty acids and glycerol ( Provide the building blocks to form cell
membranes and energy storage)
36
Triglycerides are not a ____ and are not made up of ___ and the don't mix with water
polymer; repeating subunits
37
Triglycerides are composed of
three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone; they serve as a major form of energy storage
38
Contain long chains of carbon
atoms bonded to one another and hydrogen atoms
Fatty acids
39
Glycerol
Three hydroxyl groups
40
Saturated Fats
have only single bonds between carbons, solid at room temperature
41
Unsaturated fats
have one or more double bonds between carbon, liquid at room
temperature
42
trans fat
unsaturated fats processed to act more like saturated fatty acids
43
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are
not macronutrients but are essential for genetic information storage and transfer.
44
Nucleic acids composed of nucleotides, which consist of
a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
45
Examples of micronutrients
Vitamins (e.g., vitamin D)
Minerals (e.g., calcium)
46
"Hidden Hunger"
problem is not lack of food
47
Vitamins
Small organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance
48
Vitamin A
(retinol) – vision, teeth & bones,
immune system
49
Vitamin B
energy, red blood cells, genetic materials DNA and RNA
50
Vitamin C
collagen, healing wounds, teeth & bones
51
Vitamin D
helps absorb calcium for bones and teeth
52
Vitamin E
antioxidant, red blood cells, and muscle tissue
53
Vitamin K
blot clotting - prevents loss of blood after injury
54
Fat-soluble
excess vitamin is stored in fat cells so too much of the vitamin can harm health (Vit A, D, E, K)
55
Water-soluble
excess vitamin is excreted in urine and is not harmful to your health (Vit B group, Vit C)
56
Minerals
Inorganic chemical elements required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction,
and tissue maintenance
57
Calcium (Ca)
bone & teeth, blood clotting
58
Iron (Fe)
component of red blood cells
which carries oxygen
59
Potassium (K)
electrolyte balance, muscle
contraction, nerve function
60
sodium (Na)
electrolyte balance, muscle contraction, nerve function
(most of us get too much of this)
61
cofactors
non-protein molecule (e.g., minerals) that assist the function of enzymes
62
coenzyme
a small organic cofactor such as a vitamin
63
Energy
The capacity
to do work
64
Fossil Fuels
Carbon-rich energy sources formed from remains of once-living organisms
* Coal
* Petroleum oil
* Natural gas
65
Biofuels
Renewable fuels made from
living organisms (e.g., algae)
66
Algae
An informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
67
Characteristics of Algae
organisms that range from
unicellular, such as the diatoms, to
multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp
Algae are best known for their green, red, or brown hues and some varieties are bioluminescent: Production and emission of light by a living organism
68
photosynthesis
Have ability to capture energy of
sunlight and convert it into usable
forms of energy
69
much of the energy is in the form of
oils
70
potential energy
stored energy, Energy that an object has based on its position (converts to kinetic enegy)
71
Kinetic energy
the energy of motion or movement
72
forms of potential energy
*Chemical – energy stored within the bonds of molecules
* Elastic – energy stored in objects that have been stretched or compressed
* Gravitational – energy stored in an object due to its height above earth
* Nuclear – energy stored within the nucleus of atoms
73
forms of kinetic energy
*Mechanical – energy due to motion of an object
* Electrical – energy from flow of electric charged particles
* Thermal – energy from movement of molecules within an object or substance
* Radiant/Light – energy that travels through electromagnetic waves
74
Theory that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another
Conservation of Energy
75
Autotrophs
(Self-feeders) Organisms that capture the energy of sunlight by
photosynthesis creating their own “food”
76
Heterotrophs
(Other feeders) Organisms that obtain energy by eating organic
molecules produced by other organisms
77
which troph contains chemical energy
Heterotrophs which only humans and animals are
78
Energy Transformation is
Not Efficient
With each energy transformation, a bit of energy is lost to the environment as heat (thermal
energy)
79
Thermal energy
kinetic energy generated by
random movement of molecules or atoms
80
heat
transfer of energy from a system with more thermal energy to a system with less thermal energy
81
algae produce oil rich in chemical energy using
*Sunlight
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Water (H2O)
* Nutrients
82
what is the ultimate source of energy on earth
sun
83
a type of electromagnetic radiation
that includes visible light
Light energy (radiant energy)
84
Waves of light travel in discreet
packets called
photons
85
the only wavelength that humans can see
visible light waves
86
leaves of plants absorb what color and reflect what color wavelength
absorb blue and red; reflects only green
87
a pigment is
a molecule that absorbs a
photon of light and becomes excited (has extra energy)
88
Chlorophyll is a
pigment in chloroplasts of plants that absorbs photons of light (blue
and red; reflect green)
89
organelles found in algae and in the green parts of plants that is the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
90
The process by which plants and
other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy-rich
molecules using carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O)
Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy
91
Reactants & Products of
Photosynthesis
Reactants (inputs) -
* Light energy
* Water (H2O)
* Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Products (outputs) -
* Glucose (C6H12O6)
* Oxygen (O2)
92
(“photo” part) Light energy (photons) is captured in chemical form. H2O → O
Light dependent reactions
93
(“synthesis” part) Chemical energy is used to generate glucose molecules from carbon dioxide
CO2 → C6H12O6
Light independent reactions
94
Electrons power a series of reaction that generate
TP and NADPH
95
Chlorophyll within chloroplast membrane absorbs
photons
96
molecule in cells that power energy-requiring functions
ATP
97
NADPH
molecule that carries electrons
98
Electrons lost by chlorophyll are replaced by
the splitting of water (H2O) producing oxygen (O2)
99
The synthesis reaction requires
carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 gas enters plant cells through
pores called
Stomata
100
Breakdown of ATP and electrons from NADPH power a series of reactions to convert CO2 to glucose is called
the Calvin cycle
101
Carbon fixation
conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic form (glucose)
102
What do Plants Use the Glucose For?
Chemical energy to power cellular reactions
* ATP
* Building Material
* Amino Acids → Proteins
* Nucleic Acids → DNA and RNA
* Lipids (oils)
* Monosaccharides → Complex Sugars
103
obesity
having more body fat than is
considered healthy (America #1 health crisis)
104
obesity leads to increased rates of
*Heart disease
* Diabetes
* Stroke
* High blood pressure (hypertension)
* Cancer
105
what causes obesity
*Biology
* Genetics
* Medications
* Chemicals in the food
* Lack of Sleep
* Culture
* Larger portion sizes
* Sedentary lifestyle
* Social enjoyment
106
what obesity definitions based
body mass index (BMI)
107
obese
BMI ≥ 30
(20% more body fat than is recommended for one’s height)
108
overweight:
healthy:
underweight:
BMI 25 - 29
BMI 18.5 -24.9
BMI < 18.5
109
food is a source of
chemical energy
110
calorie (lowercase)
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C
111
Calorie (capitalized)
1,000 calories or 1
kilocalorie. Common unit of energy
used in food nutrition labels
112
Gram of triglycerides (fat)
Gram of protein & carbohydrate
= 9 Calories
= 4 Calories
113
What Do We Use the Calories For?
*All our activities require energy
* Daily energy needs vary from person to person
* Depend on weight, gender, age, body type, activity levels, and genetics
114
Principle of Conservation of Energy
* Calories In = Calories Burned - Maintain Weight
* Calories In < Calories Burned - Lose Weight
* Calories In > Calories Burned - Gain Weight
115
Cells cannot use the
energy in food subunits
directly instead they use
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
116
ATP; Nucleotide that stores
chemical energy in the bonds
between its phosphate
groups
Three phosphate groups
* Ribose sugar
* Adenosine nitrogenous
base
117
cellular respiration)
Enzymes in cells break chemical bonds of food subunits releasing
energy and store energy in bonds between phosphate groups of ATP
118
Aerobic respiration
a series of reactions that
occurs in presence of oxygen and converts chemical energy stored in food into ATP
* Reactants: glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)
* Products: carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP (cellular energy
119
Matrix
part inside inner
membrane of the mitochondria with important enzymes for aerobic respiration
120
what organelles is required for aerobic respiration
mitochondria
121
Aerobic respiration steps:
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid cycle
3. Electron Transport
122
Step 1; Glycolysis
* Occurs in the cytoplasm
* Reactions breaks down glucose (C6H12O6)
* Produce 2 pyruvate (C3H4O3)
* Releases a small amount of energy (2 ATP + some NADH)
123
NAD +
An electron carrier (similar
to NADPH in photosynthesis)
- NAD+ can accept electrons becoming NADH in the process
124
Step #2 Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Occurs in the matrix of
mitochondria
* Series of reactions that
break down pyruvate (C3H4O3)
* Produces carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Releases a small amount of energy (2 ATP + some NADH)
125
Step #3 Electron Transport Chain
* Electrons are carried by
NADH to inner membranes of mitochondria
* Passed down chain of
molecules of transport chain
* Oxygen (O2) accepts electrons and combines with H+ to produce water (H2O )
* Energy released is used to create many (26-28) ATP
126
Products – What Happens to Them
*ATP – power cell functions
* Water (H2O) – used by cell or removed as waste
* Carbon dioxide (CO2) – travels to the lungs and is exhaled
127
What if You Don’t Have Enough Glucose?
*To fuel aerobic
respiration, cells can
also use Fats (fatty acids and
glycerol) and Amino acids
128
Fermentation
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate
* Only a small amount of
energy is produced (2 ATP)
* Converts the pyruvate into
lactic acid (humans) or alcohol (yeast)
129
what happens when we eat too much
When we eat Calories beyond what our bodies require, the energy is
stores in one of two ways
* Glycogen
* Triglycerides
130
Glycogen
Complex animal carbohydrate -linked chains of glucose
* Short-term energy storage
* Stored in muscle and liver cells
* ~ 4 Calories per gram
131
Triglycerides
Lipid found in fat cells
* Stores excess energy for long term use
* Used only after using food molecules in the bloodstream and in stored glycogen
* ~ 9 Calories per gram
