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Pro Biology > B1,B2 > Flashcards

B1,B2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are both plant and animal cells?

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

The genetic material of the cells

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3
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell?

A

Contain their genetic material (DNA) in a nucleus

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4
Q

What are the features of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
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5
Q

What type of cell is bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

Whats a prokaryotic cell?

A

The DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus

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7
Q

What is something about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic are much smaller than eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

How do Prokaryotic cells form DNA?

A

In a loop of DNA

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9
Q

What typenof DNA do bacteria have?

A

Plasmids

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10
Q

What are the features of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Loop of DNA
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11
Q

What is 1 metre in micro meters?

A

1,000,000 micro meters

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12
Q

What size is the typical human cell?

A

10-20 micro meters

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13
Q

What is 1nm?

A

1 x 10-9

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14
Q

What does 1 order magnitude mean?

A

10x

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Watery solution where chemical reactions take place also the first stage of respiration

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16
Q

Whats the cell membrane?

A

Controls the molecules that leave and enter the cell

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17
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

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18
Q

What can you see with an electron microscope?

A

Ribosomes and mitochondria

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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sites of protein synthesis

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20
Q

What sort of shape do plant cells have?

A

A regular shape

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21
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis

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22
Q

What is the cell wall?

A
  • Made from celluose
  • Strengthens the cell
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23
Q

Whats the vacuole?

A

Is filled with cell sap and helps the plant give its shape

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24
Q

What are most animals?

A

Specialised

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25
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When Cells become specialised

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26
Q

What is the job of a sperm cell?

A

To join with an ovum(sperm cell) and its called fertilisation

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27
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

The genetic information of the ovum and sperm combine

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28
Q

How do sperm cells carry theire dna?

A

In the nucleus half of an adult

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29
Q

How are sperm cells adapted?

A
  • Long tail which allows them to swim to the ovum
  • Also streamlines
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30
Q

How do sperm cells swim?

A

Get energy From mitochondria for swimming

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31
Q

What do sperm cells contain?

A

Enzymes which allows them to digest through the outter layer of the ovum

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32
Q

What’s the job of a nerve cell?

A

Send electrical impulses around the body

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33
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Carries electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

34
Q

What’s the meylin?

A

Insulates the axon and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

35
Q

What are synapses?

A

Allow impulses to pass from one nerve to another

36
Q

What are dentrites?

A

Increase the surface area so nerve cells can connect easily

37
Q

Whats the key features of muscle cells?

A

Contract

38
Q

What do muscles contain?

A

Protein fibres and can change length

39
Q

What are muscle cells full of?

A

Mitochondria for muscle contraction

40
Q

What do muscle cells work together to from?

A

Muscle tissues

41
Q

What is the stage?

A

The place where you put the microscope slide

42
Q

Name the parts of a microscope?

A
  • Eye peice lens
  • Objective lens
  • Fine focus wheel
  • Coarse focus wheel
  • Stage
  • Clips
43
Q

What do microscopes allow you to do?

A

Magnify

44
Q

Disadvantages of light microscope?

A
  • Have limited magnification
  • Limited resolution
45
Q

Advantage of an electron microscope?

A
  • Much greater magnification and resolution
46
Q

How to calculate magnification?

A

I
M A

47
Q

What iS binary fission?

A

When one bacteria cell splits into 2 bacteria cells

48
Q

How often do bacteria carry out binary fission?

A

Once every 20 minutes

49
Q

What has to be suitable when binary fission happens?

A

Enough nutrients and temperature has to be suitable

50
Q

How to calculate number of bacteria?

A

2^number of rounds of bacteria

51
Q

Why is nutrient broth cloudy?

A

Contains a lot of bacteria

52
Q

What are 2 ways to culture bacteria?

A

Agar plate
Nutrient broth

53
Q

How to avoid contamination in bacteria?

A
  • Sterilise all petri dishes,bacterial nutrient broth and agar
  • Sterilise inoculating loop through a bunsen burner
54
Q

Why do you use adhesive lid on a agar plate?

A
  • Stops lid from falling off and any unwanted microorganasims entering
55
Q

Steps for agar plate practical?

A

1) Clean the bench with disenfectant this kills microorganisms
2) sterilise inoculating loop passing through bunsen burner
3) Open the agar plate near the bunsen burner
4) Use the loop to spread bacteria around
5) Place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotic on the plate
6) incubate at 25°C

56
Q

At what temperature do you incubate bacteria and why do you?

A
  • 25°C
  • Reduces chances that harmful bacteria will grow
57
Q

What’s the zone of inhibition?

A

Where bacteria have not grown

58
Q

How many body cells do chromosones have?

A

2 of each chromosone they are paired

59
Q

How many chromosones do human body cells contain?

A

23 pairs

60
Q

What do chromosones carry?

A

A large number of genes which determine our features

61
Q

What’s the cell cycle?

A

Where cells have to divide

62
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

1) DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosone
The cell grows and copies mitochondria and ribosomes
2) Mitosis takes place nucleus divides and chromosones are pulled to the end
3) Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

63
Q

Functions of mitosis?

A

1) Essential for growth and development (animals and plants)
2) Mitosis takes place when an organism repairs itself
3) Happens during asexual reproduction

64
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When a sperm cell joins with an ovum

65
Q

Steps for embryonic stem cells?

A

1)The fertilised ovum undergoes mitosis and forms an embryo
2) Overtime they undergo mitosis and form specialised cells
This is differntiation

66
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other cells

67
Q

Where can you find stem cells?

A

Bone marrow

68
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentartion to lower concentration.

69
Q

Why do cells need oxygen?

A

For respiration which is carried out by mitochondira

70
Q

Why are cells surrounded by oxygen?

A

Oxygen is transported in the bloodstream of the lungs

71
Q

Whats the waste gas in diffusion?

A

Carbon dioxide

72
Q

What are the main factors that affect diffusion?

A
  • Concentratiom
  • Temperature
  • Surface Area
73
Q

Whats the concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration

74
Q

What’s osmosis?

A

net diffusion of water from an area of. high concentration of water (dilute solution) to an area of lower. concentration of water (concentrated solution) across a partially. permeable membrane.

75
Q

What happens when an animal cell is put in water?

A

It was cause the cell to expand and may even burst

76
Q

What will happen if you put an animal cell in a concentrated solution?

A

The water will move out by osmosis and cell will shrink

77
Q

What happens if you put a plant cell in water?

A

Water will move into cell by osmosis and expand. The cell will also become turgid

78
Q

What happens if you place plant cell in a concentrated solution?

A

Water moves out by osmosis and will shrink. Cell becomes flacid

79
Q

What is active transport?

A

substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentrations, across a partially permeable membrane.

80
Q

Does active transport require energy from respiration?

A

Yes

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