B1,B2 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
What are both plant and animal cells?
A
Eukaryotes
2
Q
What does the nucleus contain?
A
The genetic material of the cells
3
Q
What’s a eukaryotic cell?
A
Contain their genetic material (DNA) in a nucleus
4
Q
What are the features of a eukaryotic cell?
A
- Nucleus
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- DNA
5
Q
What type of cell is bacteria?
A
Prokaryotic
6
Q
Whats a prokaryotic cell?
A
The DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus
7
Q
What is something about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A
Prokaryotic are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
8
Q
How do Prokaryotic cells form DNA?
A
In a loop of DNA
9
Q
What typenof DNA do bacteria have?
A
Plasmids
10
Q
What are the features of a prokaryotic cell?
A
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
- Cytoplasm
- Loop of DNA
11
Q
What is 1 metre in micro meters?
A
1,000,000 micro meters
12
Q
What size is the typical human cell?
A
10-20 micro meters
13
Q
What is 1nm?
A
1 x 10-9
14
Q
What does 1 order magnitude mean?
A
10x
15
Q
What is the cytoplasm?
A
Watery solution where chemical reactions take place also the first stage of respiration
16
Q
Whats the cell membrane?
A
Controls the molecules that leave and enter the cell
17
Q
What is mitochondria?
A
Where aerobic respiration takes place
18
Q
What can you see with an electron microscope?
A
Ribosomes and mitochondria
19
Q
What are ribosomes?
A
Sites of protein synthesis
20
Q
What sort of shape do plant cells have?
A
A regular shape
21
Q
What are chloroplasts?
A
Contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis
22
Q
What is the cell wall?
A
- Made from celluose
- Strengthens the cell
23
Q
Whats the vacuole?
A
Is filled with cell sap and helps the plant give its shape
24
Q
What are most animals?
A
Specialised
25
What is differentiation?
When Cells become specialised
26
What is the job of a sperm cell?
To join with an ovum(sperm cell) and its called fertilisation
27
What happens during fertilisation?
The genetic information of the ovum and sperm combine
28
How do sperm cells carry theire dna?
In the nucleus half of an adult
29
How are sperm cells adapted?
- Long tail which allows them to swim to the ovum
- Also streamlines
30
How do sperm cells swim?
Get energy From mitochondria for swimming
31
What do sperm cells contain?
Enzymes which allows them to digest through the outter layer of the ovum
32
What's the job of a nerve cell?
Send electrical impulses around the body
33
What does the axon do?
Carries electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
34
What's the meylin?
Insulates the axon and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
35
What are synapses?
Allow impulses to pass from one nerve to another
36
What are dentrites?
Increase the surface area so nerve cells can connect easily
37
Whats the key features of muscle cells?
Contract
38
What do muscles contain?
Protein fibres and can change length
39
What are muscle cells full of?
Mitochondria for muscle contraction
40
What do muscle cells work together to from?
Muscle tissues
41
What is the stage?
The place where you put the microscope slide
42
Name the parts of a microscope?
- Eye peice lens
- Objective lens
- Fine focus wheel
- Coarse focus wheel
- Stage
- Clips
43
What do microscopes allow you to do?
Magnify
44
Disadvantages of light microscope?
- Have limited magnification
- Limited resolution
45
Advantage of an electron microscope?
- Much greater magnification and resolution
46
How to calculate magnification?
I
M A
47
What iS binary fission?
When one bacteria cell splits into 2 bacteria cells
48
How often do bacteria carry out binary fission?
Once every 20 minutes
49
What has to be suitable when binary fission happens?
Enough nutrients and temperature has to be suitable
50
How to calculate number of bacteria?
2^number of rounds of bacteria
51
Why is nutrient broth cloudy?
Contains a lot of bacteria
52
What are 2 ways to culture bacteria?
Agar plate
Nutrient broth
53
How to avoid contamination in bacteria?
- Sterilise all petri dishes,bacterial nutrient broth and agar
- Sterilise inoculating loop through a bunsen burner
54
Why do you use adhesive lid on a agar plate?
- Stops lid from falling off and any unwanted microorganasims entering
55
Steps for agar plate practical?
1) Clean the bench with disenfectant this kills microorganisms
2) sterilise inoculating loop passing through bunsen burner
3) Open the agar plate near the bunsen burner
4) Use the loop to spread bacteria around
5) Place sterile filter paper discs containing antibiotic on the plate
6) incubate at 25°C
56
At what temperature do you incubate bacteria and why do you?
- 25°C
- Reduces chances that harmful bacteria will grow
57
What's the zone of inhibition?
Where bacteria have not grown
58
How many body cells do chromosones have?
2 of each chromosone they are paired
59
How many chromosones do human body cells contain?
23 pairs
60
What do chromosones carry?
A large number of genes which determine our features
61
What's the cell cycle?
Where cells have to divide
62
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
1) DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosone
The cell grows and copies mitochondria and ribosomes
2) Mitosis takes place nucleus divides and chromosones are pulled to the end
3) Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells
63
Functions of mitosis?
1) Essential for growth and development (animals and plants)
2) Mitosis takes place when an organism repairs itself
3) Happens during asexual reproduction
64
What is fertilisation?
When a sperm cell joins with an ovum
65
Steps for embryonic stem cells?
1)The fertilised ovum undergoes mitosis and forms an embryo
2) Overtime they undergo mitosis and form specialised cells
This is differntiation
66
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differentiate to form other cells
67
Where can you find stem cells?
Bone marrow
68
What is diffusion?
Spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentartion to lower concentration.
69
Why do cells need oxygen?
For respiration which is carried out by mitochondira
70
Why are cells surrounded by oxygen?
Oxygen is transported in the bloodstream of the lungs
71
Whats the waste gas in diffusion?
Carbon dioxide
72
What are the main factors that affect diffusion?
- Concentratiom
- Temperature
- Surface Area
73
Whats the concentration gradient?
The difference in concentration
74
What's osmosis?
net diffusion of water from an area of. high concentration of water (dilute solution) to an area of lower. concentration of water (concentrated solution) across a partially. permeable membrane.
75
What happens when an animal cell is put in water?
It was cause the cell to expand and may even burst
76
What will happen if you put an animal cell in a concentrated solution?
The water will move out by osmosis and cell will shrink
77
What happens if you put a plant cell in water?
Water will move into cell by osmosis and expand. The cell will also become turgid
78
What happens if you place plant cell in a concentrated solution?
Water moves out by osmosis and will shrink. Cell becomes flacid
79
What is active transport?
substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentrations, across a partially permeable membrane.
80
Does active transport require energy from respiration?
Yes
