B16

Question 1

Define abiotic

Answer 1

Non-living things

Question 2

Define biotic

Answer 2

living things

Question 3

How can bacteria survive extremely high temperatures?

Answer 3

They have specially adapted enzymes that do not denature at high temperatures

Question 4

How can you make sure that the samples you take are random?

Answer 4

-The person with the quadrat closes their eyes, spins round, opens their eyes, walks 10 paces forward and drops the quadrat

Question 5

How can you tell if an animal is a herbivore or a carnivore by looking at its teeth?

Answer 5

Herbivores have teeth for grinding plant cells, carnivores have teeth for tearing flesh or crushing bones

Question 6

How do moisture levels affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 6

-If there is no water, there will be little or no life

Question 7

How do new pathogens and parasites affect a community? (Biotic)

Answer 7

-When a new pathogen or parasite emerges, organisms have no resistance to the disease

Question 8

How do plants and animals survive in extreme winter conditions?

Answer 8

They have a chemical in their blood which acts as an antifreeze to stop the water in their cells from freezing and killing the cell

Question 9

How do plants spread their seeds to avoid competing with their offspring?

Answer 9

They produce seeds with special adaptations for flight for the wind to carry away

Question 10

How do plants that grow early in the year cope with competition?

Answer 10

-More light passes through the bare branches of trees

Question 11

How do species such as lions, deer and elephant seals compete for mates?

Answer 11

They fight and whoever wins gets to mate with multiple females

Question 12

How do species such as peacocks compete for mates?

Answer 12

They display extravagant feathers and colours to warn off other males and attract females

Question 13

How do water lilies float on the water?

Answer 13

Lots of big air spaces in their leaves to photosynthesis from the surface of the water

Question 14

How does a plant growing in shade of another adapt to survive?

Answer 14

-It may grow taller to reach the light

Question 15

How does interspecific competition affect a community?

Answer 15

-A new species may outcompete the other to the point where numbers become too low for successful breeding

Question 16

How does light intensity affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 16

-Affects plant distribution as light limits rate of photosynthesis

Question 17

How does soil pH and mineral content affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 17

-The level of mineral ion, e.g. nitrate ions, has a considerable impact on the distribution of plants

Question 18

How does temperature affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 18

-Temperature is a limiting factor in photosynthesis and therefore in plant growth

Question 19

How does the availability of carbon dioxide affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 19

-Level of carbon dioxide acts as a limiting factor for photosynthesis and plant growth

Question 20

How does the availability of food affect a community? (Biotic)

Answer 20

-When there is plenty of food, organisms can breed successfully

Question 21

How does the availability of oxygen affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 21

-Huge impact on water-living organisms as most of them need a high level of dissolved oxygen

Question 22

How does wind intensity and direction affect a community? (Abiotic)

Answer 22

-In areas with strong prevailing winds, the shape of the trees and the whole landscape is affected by the wind

Question 23

How must you choose your sample areas and why?

Answer 23

At RANDOM, to ensure that your results reflect the true distribution of the organisms and any conclusions you make are valid

Question 24

What adaptations do animals have for surviving in the conditions where they usually live?

Answer 24

-Structural adaptations e.g. colour and shape

Question 25

What are extremophiles?

Answer 25

Organisms that survive and reproduce in the most difficult conditions

Question 26

What are some other physical factors you can measure along a transect line?

Answer 26

- light levels - soil pH - might affect plant growth

Question 27

What are the 2 different types of roots a plant has to take up water?

Answer 27

-A shallow root to absorb water from near the surface of the soil -Long deep roots that collect water from deep underground

Question 28

What are the 3 main things animals compete for

Answer 28

- food - mates - territory

Question 29

What are the 4 main things plants compete for?

Answer 29

- light - water - nutrients - space to grow

Question 30

What are the biggest challenges of living in a desert?

Answer 30

- Coping with the lack of water - Stopping your body temperature from getting too high or too low

Question 31

What are the steps of sampling along a transect line?

Answer 31

- stretch a tape between 2 points - sample the organisms along the line at regular intervals

Question 32

What is a community?

Answer 32

A group of populations living and interacting in an area.

Question 33

What is a population?

Answer 33

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Question 34

What is a quadrat used for?

Answer 34

-To investigate the size of a population of plants

Question 35

What is a quadrat?

Answer 35

-A quadrat is a square frame enclosing a known area.

Question 36

What is a stable community?

Answer 36

One where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant

Question 37

What is a successful competitor?

Answer 37

-An animal that is better adapted to finding food or mates better than members of its own species

Question 38

What is an ecosystem?

Answer 38

The interaction of a community with the abiotic parts of their environment

Question 39

What is interdependence?

Answer 39

-Animals and plants depending on one another for food, shelter etc

Question 40

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 40

Competition between different species

Question 41

What is quantitative sampling?

Answer 41

Taking several random readings and then finding the mean number of organisms per m^2

Question 42

What is the best wat to make your results as valid as possible?

Answer 42

-Use the same size quadrat each time

Question 43

What is the importance of an animal's SA:V ratio when living in cold conditions?

Answer 43

The smaller the SA:V ratio is,, the easier it is to reduce energy transfer to the environment and minimise cooling

Question 44

What is the importance of the Sun for ecosystems?

Answer 44

The Sun is the source of the energy that is transferred through ecosystem within the chemical bonds that make up the organisms

Question 45

When is sampling along a transect usually done?

Answer 45

Where you suspect a change is linked to a particular abiotic factor

Question 46

Why do animals living in the desert have a high SA:V ratio?

Answer 46

To allow more energy to get transferred to their surroundings, cooling them down

Question 47

Why do most animals need their own territory?

Answer 47

-They cannot reproduce successfully without territory

Question 48

Why do plants compete for light?

Answer 48

For photosynthesis, to make food

Question 49

Why do plants compete for nutrients (minerals)?

Answer 49

To make all the chemicals they need in their cells

Question 50

Why do plants compete for space to grow?

Answer 50

-Allowing their roots to take up more water and nutrients

Question 51

Why do plants compete for water?

Answer 51

-Photosynthesis

Question 52

Why do plants living in deserts have a small surface area

Answer 52

To stop water from evaporating off the leaves