Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pro Biology > B3 B4 > Flashcards

B3 B4 Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Whats a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Whatis an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together for a specific function eg the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What works together to form organisms?

A

Organs and organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are foods 3 mains nutrients?

A
  • Carbohydrates
    -Lipids
  • Protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are large molecules too hard to digest?

A

To big to be absorbed by blood stream so have to be digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

Large food molecules are broken imto small molecules by enzymes. The small molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe digestive system?

A

1) Food is chewed in the mouth. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starch into smaller sugar molecules
2) Food pases through oesophagus into stomach. In the stomach enzymes begin digestion of protein. Stomach also contains hydrochloric acid which helps enzymes digest proteins
3) Food spends several hours in stomach.
4) The churning action of the muscles turns food into fluid increasing surface area for enzymes to digest
5) Fluid passes through small intestine
6) Chemicals are released in small intestine from liver to pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Pancreas releases enzymes which continue digestion of starch and protein. Also starts digestion of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Releases bile which helps speed of digestion of lipids. Bile also neutralises the acid released from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Releases enzymes to continue the digestion of proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is some glucose used for?

A

Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse (Speed) chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are enzymes in terms of molecules?

A

Large protein molecules and they groove on the surface active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where substrate attatches to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the lock key theory?

A

The substrate must fit in the specific shape of the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are proteins broken down by?

A

Proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of chemicals called amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when you digest protein?

A

The protease enzyme converts protein back to amino acids where they are broken and absorbed into the bloodstream. The amino acids are absorbed by body cells and joined together in a different order to make human proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does starch consist of?

A

Chain of glucose molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down?

A

By carbohyrase (amylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

Saliva and pancreatic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a lipid molecule consist of?

A

Molecule of glycerol attatched to 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do you find lipase?

A
  • Pancreatic fluid
  • Small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Things about bile?
- Made in the liver and stored in gall bladder - Converts large lipid droplets to smaller droplets - Bile emulsiphies lipids - Also alkeline (neutralise stomach acid)
26
What does bile do?
Speed up digestion of lipds but is not am enzyme
27
What does the peak of the graph show?
Maximum frequency of successful collisions between substrate and active site
28
Why is it when temperature passes the optimum the activity decreases to 0?
The enzyme molecules vibrate and the shape of active site changes
29
What does denatured mean?
When the substrate doesn't fit active site
30
Why is it when you make a substance more acidic of alkiline?
Active site denatures
31
What precautions do you need to carry out when doing food tests?
Wear safety goggles
32
What are the steps for the practical food tests?
1) Take the food sample and grind this with distilled water using mortar and pestle. 2) Transfer the paste to the beaker and add more water. Stir the chemicals so they dissolve 3) Filter to remove suspended food particles
33
Whats the test for starch?
1) Place 2cm3 of food solution in a test tube 2 )Add drops of iodine (which is orange) 3) If starch is present it will turn blue/black. If not it will stay orange
34
Test for sugars?
1) Place 2cm3 of food solution in test tube 2) Add 10 drops of Benedicts solution which will turn blue 3) Put the test tube into a beaker 4) Fill hot water and leave for 5 minutes 5) If present will change colour 6) Green shows small amount of sugar 7) Yellow tells there is more amount of sugar 8) Brick-red shows there is a lot of sugar present Only works for reducing sugars
35
Test for proteins?
1) Take 2cm3 of food solution 2) Add bieuret solution 3) If protein present solution will turn lilac/purple
36
Test for lipids?
1) Transfer 2cm of food solution to test tube 2) Add few drops of distilled water 3) Add few drops of ethanol 4) Shake solution 5) If present turns white/cloudy 6) Make sure no flames are present
37
What is amylase?
Breaks down starch into simple sugars
38
How to do effect on amylase pH practical?
1) Add one drop of amylase into each spotting tile 2) Put 2cm3 of starch in one tube, 2cm3 of amylase in another tube and 2cm3 of pH buffer in the final tube 3) Place all 3 in a water bath at 30°C and leave for 10 minutes 4) Combine all 3 in one test tube and mix with a rod. Put it back and start the stopwatch 5) Finally use a rod and put one drop on the tile which contains iodine 6) Should turn blue/black if starch is present 7) Take samples every 30 seconds and do until still orange 8) When it remains orange you know starch is no longer present (reaction completed) 9) Repeat with different pHs
39
How to improve amylase practical?
Take samples every 10 seconds
40
Whats the length of the small intestine?
5m
41
Why is the small intestine being big a good thing?
Provides a very large surface area for absorption of the products of digestion
42
What is villi?
- Covered in the small intestine - Increases the surface area for the absorption of molecules
43
What is microvilli?
Found on the surface of the villi and increases the surface area even further
44
What is villi good at?
- Has a good blood supply so the bloodstream removes the products of digestion which increases the concentration gradient - The thin membrane ensures a shirt diffusion path
45
What happens to any molecule which cannot be absorbed by diffusion?
Absorbed by active transport
46
What type of system do fish have?
Single circulatory
47
Describe circulation of a fish?
1)Oxygenated blood pumped from heart to gills where it collects oxygen and becomes oxygenated 2) Oxygenated blood pases from the gills to organs where it difuses out of the blood and to the body cells. The blood now returns to the heart
48
Whats the problem with a single circulatory system?
Blood loses a lot of pressure as it pases through the gills before reaching the organs. This means it travels to the organs slowly
49
What system do humans have?
Double circulatory
50
Describe circulation of human system?
1) deoxygenated blood is passed through heart to the lungs where it collects oxygen. 2) The oxygenated blood returns to the heart. 3) The heart pums the oxygenated blood to the organs where it transfers it's oxygen to the body cells. 4)Blood returns back to heart
51
Benefit of double circulatory system?
Because it goes round twice it can travel rapidly to the body cells
52
What is the heart?
An organ consisting of muscle tissue. Heart pumps blood around body
53
Facts about heart?
1) Has 4 chambers 2)
54
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Right atrium , right ventricle ,left ventricle ,left atrium
55
How is the atria seperated?
By valves
56
What is the vena cava?
Brings in oxygenated blood from the body
57
What is the pulmonary artery?
Blood pases from heart to lungs
58
What is the pulmonary vein?
Oxygenated blood pases from lungs to the heart
59
What is the aorta?
Oxygenated blood pases from heart to body
60
How does blood enter the heart?
1) Blood enters left atrium then right atrium 2) atria contracts and forced into the ventricles 3) Ventricles contract and force blood out of heart 4) Valves stop blood flowing backwards
61
Why does the left side of the wall have a thicker wall than the right?
Left ventricle pumps blood around whole body so it needs a greater force. RV only pumps blood to lungs
62
What are the cononary arteries?
Branch out of the aorta and spread out into heart muscle
63
Purpose of coronary arteries?
Provide oxygen to muscle cells of the heart. Oxygen is also used in respiration to provide energy to contract
64
What is the resting heart rate comtrolled by?
Pacemaker
65
What happens if pacemaker stops working?
Use an artificial pacemaker
66
Whats an artificial pacemaker?
An electrical device and corrects inregularities in heart rate
67
What are arteries?
Carry high pressure blood From the heart to the organs
68
Adaptations of arteries?
- thick muscular walls (withstand high pressures of blood)
69
What happens every time your heart beats?
Blood travels through your arteries and beats
70
What happens when blood pases through capilaries?
Substances like glucose and oxygen diffuse from blood to the cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells back to blood
71
Features of capilaries?
- Thin walls (so diffusion path is short)
72
Structure of veins?
- Have a thin wall Blood pressure low so doesn't have to be thick
73
What do veins contain?
Valves (stop blood flowing backwards)
74
How do veins work?
When blood flows in correct direction the valves open and allow blood throughs. When flows backwards they shut

Pro Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions