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Science 3x > B1 (biology) > Flashcards

B1 (biology) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that has its DNA contained in a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that has its DNA floaty freely in its cytoplasm

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3
Q

Give an example of eukaryotic cell

A

Animal and plant cells

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4
Q

Give an example of prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What is the function of a nucleus ?

A

Contains the DNA and controls the activity of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Where respiration takes place

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7
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions go in inside the cell (including anaerobic respiration)
(Supports internal cell structures)

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8
Q

What is the function of cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leave the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the large vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap,(a solution of sugars and salts dissolved in water) (acts like a water store in the cell)
(Also helps support the shape of the cell)

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

contains chlorophll that Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Stops the cell from bursting and gives the organism a firm shape (strengths the cell)
(Made of cellulose) (a polymer of glucose)

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12
Q

What is the approximate size of a prokaryotic cell?

A

0.1-5.0 µm (micrometer)

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13
Q

What is the approximate size of an eukaryotic cell?

A

10-100 µm ( micrometer)

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14
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process of cells becoming specialised to perform a particular function (this process is irreversible)

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15
Q

What is cell division?

A

The splitting of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

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16
Q

Name 3 specialised cells found in the animal and 3 in the plant

A

Animal : muscle cell, nerve cell , sperm cell

Plant : root hair cell, phloem , xylem

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17
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

Contract/relax the muscle for movement

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18
Q

State one adaptation of a muscle cell

A

Lots of mitochondria for releasing energy for contraction

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19
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To swim/ find an egg cell and fertilise it

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20
Q

State three adaptation of a sperm cell

A

Flagellum (tail) to swim
Lots of mitochondria to release energy to move
Enzyme in its head (in the acrosome) to penetrate the egg (to break the egg’s cell membrane)

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21
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Carry information as electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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22
Q

State three adaptations of a nerve cell

A

Dendrites to connect to other neurones
Long axon to cover large distances
Myelin sheath to speed up impulses

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23
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

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24
Q

State two adaptations of a root hair cell

A

Large surface area (long extension) to icrease the rate of absroption
Lots of mitochondria to release energy for active transport of mineral ions

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25
What is the function of a xylem cell?
Carry water and minerals from roots to leaves
26
State three adaptations of a xylem cell
Walls have lignin to give strength, stops it from bursting No end walls (hollow tubes) Made from thick dead tissues
27
State three adaptions of a phloem cell
Made from living tissue End walls have sieve cells to help the glucose flow through and in the right directions Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport
27
What is the function of a phloem cell?
Transport glucose within a plant
28
What is used to stain plants to see them better under a microscope?
Iodine
29
What is used to stain animal cells to seem them better under a microscope?
Methylene
30
Define resolution
Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other.
31
Define magnification
Magnification is how many times bigger the image of a specimen observed in comparison to its actual (real-life) size. Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger, such as making a microscopic organism visible.
32
State the symbol equation for magnification
I=AM
33
State the word equation for magnification
Imagine size = actual size x magnification
34
Which microscope has the highest magnification?
Electron microscope
35
Which microscope has the lowest resolution (resolving power)?
Light microscope
36
What type of radiation is used for a light microscope?
Light
37
What type of radiation is used for an electron microscope?
Electron beam
38
What is the light microscope focussed by?
Glass lenses
39
What is the electron microscope focussed by
Electromagnets
40
What type of material can be viewed under the light microscope?
Any material live or dead
41
What type of material can be viewed under the electron microscope?
Specimin must be dead and dehydrated
42
What is the size like a for a light microscope?
Small and portable
43
What is the size like for an electron microscope?
Incredibly large, once it is installed it can not be transported
44
What preparation is needed to use a light microscope ?
No preparation No need of specialist training
45
What is the preparation needed to use an electron microscope?
Special training needed to use it
46
What is the cost like for a light microscope?
Cheap
47
What is the cost for an electron microscope?
Expensive
48
Which microscope produces 3D images?
Scanning electron microscope
49
Define ‘cell’
The basic building blocks of all living organisms
50
Define tissue
A group of cells with a similar structure and function
51
Define organ
Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions
52
Define organ system
A group of different organs working together to fulfil a function
53
Define organism
Organ systems working together to form an organism
54
Put into order size (smallest to larges) : cell , organism , nucleus , tissue , organ system , organ
Nucleus Cell Tissues Organ Organ systems Organism
55
What is the cell cycle called?
Mitosis
56
What is stage one called in mitosis?
Interphase
57
What happens in the interphase?
Cell grows Chromosomes replicate Organelles increase ( more mitochondria and ribosomes are made)
58
What is stage 2 called in the cell cycle?
Mitosis
59
What happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle?
Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell Chromosomes from each pair gets pulled to opposite ends
60
What is stage 3 called in the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis
61
What happens in cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells
62
What is meant by ‘centi’ ?
1/100th (1 hundredth of a meter)
63
What is meant by ‘mili’?
1/1000th (1 thousandth of a meter)
64
What is meant by ‘nano’?
1/1000000000th (1 billionth of a meter)
65
How do you convert from millimetre to nanometres?
X1000
66
What is the name of the cell that can differentiate into specialised cell?
Stem cell
67
State the importance of the cell cycle
More cells are made for growth and repair
68
Mitosis produces which type of cells?
Diploid cells
69
Define ‘stem cell’
An undifferentiated cell
70
define a bone marrow?
Found inside a bone that contains adult stem cells, that can only be turned into blood cells
71
Where in a plant can you find stem cells?
Meristem
72
What is a specialised cell? Give an example
A cell with a function e.g roothair cell
73
Name 3 places where stem cells can be found
Embryos , adult bone marrow , meristem
74
State 2 conditions that stem cells can be used to treat in humans
Paralysis Type 1 diabetes
75
What is a clone?
A genetically identical organism which has been produced asexually
76
What does asexual mean?
Reproduction with one person
77
State 2 uses of stem cells in plants
Clone rare species Produce disease resistant crops
78
Describe what is meant by ‘therapeutic cloning’
Using clones of a patient’s own stem cells to treat them
79
Which cells are required for therapeutic cloning?
Egg cell and a normal body cell from patient
80
State 2 objections to using stem cells in treatment
Potential transfer of viral infections ethical / religious objections
81
What is the independent variable for the ‘potato osmosis practical’?
The concentration of the solution
82
What is the dependent variable for the ‘potato osmosis practical’?
The percentage change in mass
83
Name 5 control variables in the ‘potato osmosis practical’
Length of potato Diameter of the potato Volume of solution Time potato is left in the solution for Temperature of solution
84
Give 3 ways to make results accurate for the ‘potato osmosis practical’
Read the volume of the solution from the meniscus Dab the potatoes dry before measuring the mass Use a digital top pan balance
85
Name one risk and precaution of the ‘potato osmosis practical’
Risk=cutting yourself with the potato borer Precaution= push the borer down towards the desk not upwards
86
What is the purpose of the distilled water in the ‘potato osmosis practical’?
To act as a control to compare your result to
87
How is the concentration inside the tissue estimated? For the ‘potato osmosis practical”
Plot a graph of concentration against % change in mass and find where the Line of best fit crosses 0%
88
How is the percentage change in mass calculated?
% change in mass = change in mass / initial mass
89
What is the percentage change calculated rather than just the change? For the ‘potato osmosis practical”
The potato may be slightly different sizes and shapes to begin with
90
Why does the tissue increase in mass for the ‘potato osmosis practical’?
Water has entered the tissue by osmosis in more dilute solutions
91
How can you tell if there has been an increase in mass?
The % change in mass is +ve
92
Why does the tissue decrease in mass?
Water gas left the tissue by osmosis in More concentrated solutions
93
How can you tell if there has been a decrease in mass?
The % change in mass -ve
94
What doe no change in mass mean?
The concentration of the solution is the same as the concentration inside the tissue
95
What are possible variations on this method? (Osmosis)
Using any other vegetable/ plants tissue Using any other food substances Using a salt solution
96
What is diffusion?
The overall movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (down the concentration gradient) (Passive process) requires no energy
97
What gets diffused out the bloodstream?
Carbon dioxide Water
98
What gets diffused in the bloodstream?
Oxygen Glucose
99
Two examples of diffusion in humans are:
CO2 + O2 in gas exchange , urea from cells to blood
100
What are the four factors that affects the Rate of diffusion?
Concentration gradient Temperature Surface area of the membrane distance
101
What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase the temperature?
Increases
102
What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase the surface area?
Increases
103
What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase concentration gradient?
Increases
104
What happened to the rate of diffusion as you increase the distance?
Decreases
105
How are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion?
Large surface area : volume ratio
106
How are the small intestine adapted for exchanging materials ?
Vili for large surface area Vili are one cell thick (short distance) Good blood supply (blood can flow so large concentration gradient)
107
How are lungs adapted for exchanging materials?
Alveoli large surface area: volume ratio Surface is moist Good blood supply
108
How are gills adapted for exchanging materials?
Large surface area Moist Good blood flow to maintain concentration gradient
109
Four ways to increase the rate of transport
Large surface area Thin membrane Efficient blood supply (in animals) Well ventilated (in animals)
110
How are roots adapted for exchanging materials?
Large surface area to volume ratio Lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport
111
What is the Equation for volume?
Height x width x dept
112
What is a solute?
Something that is dissolved into water
113
What is osmosis?
Water particles that move from a high water potential to a low water potential, through a partially permeable membrane
114
How do you calculate the % change?
Change in mass / start mass x 100
115
What is active transport?
Movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration (It requires energy) (ATP) (Against the concentration gradient)
116
Why will the pure water move into the potato?
The concentration of water is higher outside the potato
117
(RP) how can you tell the concentration of sugar in a piece of potato?
Place into different concentration of sugar solution Plot graph Find concentration where mass doesn't change
118
When a substance moves against the concentration gradient , what is it called?
Active transport
119
What does active transport require?
It requires energy from respiration
120
What is the function of ribosomes?
The site of protein synthesis in the cell (the process of cells making protein) (found in the cytoplasm)
121
Where are the chloroplast found in a plant ?
Leaf
122
What are cell walls made from in a bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
123
What are the three types of muscle in an animal?
skeletal smooth cardiac (heart)

Science 3x (12 decks)

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