B2 (biology) (booklet) Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What is the name of the plant tissue where new cells are made?
A
Meristem
2
Q
What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to absorb water & nutrients from the soil?
A
Root hair cell
3
Q
What is the name of the specialised plant cell adapted to open and close the stomata of a plant?
A
Guard cell
4
Q
Which word describe a guard cell
(A) filled with water
(B) that has very little water
A
(A) filled = turgid
(B) lacking water = flaccid
5
Q
What is the name of a specialised cell that is adapted to absorb lots of light energy in the leaf?
A
Palisade cell
6
Q
What is the chemical in the chloroplasts that allow plants cells to absorb lots of light energy?
A
Chlorophyll
7
Q
Which type of plant tissue is made up of sieve cells and companion cells?
A
Phloem
8
Q
What is the name for the hole in a leaf that allows gases in and out the water?
A
Stomata/ stoma
9
Q
What is the name of the plant tissue that is made up of a hollow tube of dead cells
A
Xylem
10
Q
Which tissue in a plant transport water?
A
Xylem
11
Q
Which tissue in a plant transport glucose?
A
Phloem
12
Q
In which organ is glucose made?
A
Leaf
13
Q
What is the name for the process that converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen?
A
Photosynthesis
14
Q
Which organ of a plant is designed to absorb water?
A
Root (root hair cells)
15
Q
Which organ of a plant is designed to transport substances from the roots to the leaves and vice versa?
A
Stem
16
Q
Name the process by which glucose is moved from a leaf to other parts of the cell
A
Translocation
17
Q
What is the scientific name given to the evaporation of water from a leaf?
A
Transpiration
18
Q
On which side of the leaf are there more stomata?
A
Underside/lower
19
Q
What is covering the top layer of the leaf to reduce the loss of water?
A
Waxy cuticle
20
Q
Which organ in a plant does the water enter through?
A
Root
21
Q
Do guard cells become flaccid or turgid when it is sunny?
A
Turgid
22
Q
Does the stomata stay open or close when it is night time?
A
Close
23
Q
Describe the structure of xylem
A
Hollow tube strengthened with lignin
24
Q
Describe the structure of phloem
A
Elongated cells with sieve plates and companion cell
25
How do you calculate surface of a cuboid?
Sum of all the 2D faces
26
State four factors that increases the rate of transpiration
High wind intensity
High light intensity
Arid (dry)
High temperature
27
Why dos high wind intensity increase transpiration?
Increases concentration gradient
28
Why does high light intensity increase transpiration?
Cause stomata to open
29
Why does arid conditions increases the rate of transpiration?
Increase concentration gradient
30
Why does high temperature increase the rate of transpiration?
Water particles have more kinetic energy
31
Which enzyme breaks down lipids, carbohydrates and protein?
Lipids = lipase
Carbohydrates = amylase
Proteins = protease
32
Which enzymes is produced by the salivary glands?
Amylase
33
What is the name of the leaf shaped organ that produces enzyme?
Pancreas
34
What is the name of the organ that produce bile?
Liver
35
What is the name of the organ that stores bile?
Gall blander
36
Is bile acidic or alkaline?
Alkaline
37
What is the name of the process that breaks down large globules of fat into smaller ones?
Emulsification
38
Write the word equation for the digestion of carbohydrates
Starch → glucose
39
Write the word equation for the digestion of protein
Proteins → amino acids
40
Write the word equation for the digestion of fats
Lipids → fatty acids + glycerol
41
Which part of the digestive system are nutrients and water absorbed into the blood from?
Nutrients = small intestine
Water = large intestine
42
What is the scientific name for the food pipe?
Oesophagus
43
What is the name of the process where food is pushed down the food pipe?
Peristalsis
44
What reagent is used to test for starch?
Iodine
45
What is the positive result for starch?
Blue/black
46
What is the regent used to test for glucose?
Benedict's
47
What is the positive result for glucose?
Green → orange → brick red
48
What is the positive result for lipids?
A white emulsion forms
49
Name the food group that cannot be digested in the body
Fibre
50
Name four enzymes
Amylase/carbohydrase/protease/lipase
51
Why can each enzyme only break down one substrate?
Enzymes have a specific- shaped active site which will only fit one shape substrate
52
Enzyme are a type of …
Protein
53
Define an enzyme
Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction
54
What are enzymes made of?
Amino acids
55
What are two things can enzymes do?
Break down molecules or join molecules together
56
Enzymes RP - state the independent variable
pH or buffer solution
57
Enzyme RP - state the dependent variable
Time taken for starch to break down into simple sugars (iodine solution to turn from brown to black)
58
Enzyme RP - how is temperature controlled
Water bath
59
Enzymes RP - what piece of equipment is used to place the test solution in?
Spotting tile
60
Which type of vessel leaves the heart?
Arteries
61
What is the name of the 4 chambers of the heart?
Top: left/right atrium
Bottom: left/right ventricle
62
Which type of vessel enters the heart?
Veins
63
Where is the body’s natural pacemaker (cells that control the bodies resting heart rate)?
Right atrium
64
What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the body?
Vena cava
65
What the is the name of the blood vessel that enters the heart from the lung?
Pulmonary vein
66
What is the name of the blood vessel that goes to the lung from the heart?
Pulmonary artery
67
What is the name of the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the rest of your body?
Aorta
68
Which side of the heart is thicker?
Left
69
Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood out of the it and which side pumps deoxygenated?
Oxygenated = left
Deoxygenated =right
70
What is the name for removing a heart from one person and placing it into person?
Transplant
71
What is the name of the drug that reduces that amount of cholesterol in a person’s body?
Statins
72
Which organ does a statin effect?
Liver
73
State 3 adaptions of a red blood
No nucleus
Biconcave shape
Small
74
State 2 adaptations of a white blood cell
Cytoplasm contains enzymes, flexible cell membrane
75
Which type of blood vessel has thin walls but a large lumen?
Vein
76
Which type of the blood vessel has thick walls but a small lumen?
Artery
77
Which type of blood vessel have valves?
Veins
78
Which type of blood vessels has a pulse?
Artery
79
Give one non-surgical intervention that reduce the changes of heart disease/ a heart attack
Exercise/diet
80
What is the name of the specialised cell that is designed to fight pathogen ?
White blood cell
81
What is the name of the specialised cell that is designed to carry oxygen?
Red blood cell
82
What is the name of the specialised cell that helps to clot our blood?
Platelets
83
What is the name of the liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances?
Plasma
84
Give three substances that is carried in the plasma of blood
Carbon dioxide/urea/glucose
85
What is the name of the substance that can block arteries?
Cholesterol
86
What is the name of a disease that occurs when the blood vessels in the muscle of the heart get blocked?
Coronary heart disease
87
What are the blood vessels that provide the heart with oxygen called?
coronary arteries
88
What is the name of the piece of Wire mesh put inside a blood vessel to keep it open?
Stent
89
State the equation to calculate blood flow rate calculations
Cardiac output (cm3/min) =heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (cm3)
90
Define health
State of physical and mental well being
91
What is the name for a disease that can be passed on from one person to another?
Communicable (or infectious)
92
What is the name for a disease that can not be passed on from one person to another ?
Non-communicable
93
State three factors other than disease that can have an impact on health?
Diet , stress, life events
94
State one consequence of long term physical ill health
Depression
95
What is the name given to a disease causing microorganism?
Pathogen
96
Define ‘risk factors ’
Factors that are linked to an increased rate of disease
97
State three risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Diet
Smoking
Exercise
98
State one risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Obesity
99
Name 2 organs effected by drinking alcohol
Brain
Liver
100
Name 2 potential impacts of smoking
Lung disease
Lung cancer
101
State a risk factor for cancer
Contact with carcinogens (including ionising radiation)
102
State 2 lifestyles factors that can impact an unborn baby’s development
Smoking and drinking alcohol
103
Why is a sample of people used when investigating risk factors for disease?
Too time consuming / impractical to sample whole population
104
State 4 non-communicable disease
Anaemia
Cancer
Depression
Diabetes
105
Define CHD/CVD
Disease of the heart or blood vessels
106
What is the main cause of CVD?
Atherosclerosis (argues blocked by fatty deposits)
107
State 4 lifestyle factors that can increase the chance of having CVD
Smoking
Poor diet
High blood pressure
Little exercise
108
What is a stent?
A wire mess that Widens arteries so blood can pass through
109
How does a stent help to treat CVD?
More oxygen can reach the heart muscle for aerobic respiration
110
State 3 pros of a stent
Lowers risk of a heart attack
Effective long term treatment
Fast recovery time
111
State 2 cons of a stent
Risk of complication in surgery
Risk of blood clots near stent
112
What are the 2 categories of risk factors?
Lifestyle factors and substance in the body/environment
113
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division/ mitosis
114
Describe benign tumours
Not cancerous tumours that stay in one space and do not invade surrounding tissue as they are encapsulated in a membrane
115
Describe malignant tumours
Cancerous tumours that can invade surrounding tissue , break off , travel in the blood and cause secondary tumours
116
Give 4 lifestyles factors that increase the chance of cancer
Smoking
Obesity
Viral infections
UV exposure
117
Why are there improved survival rates from cancer now than 50 years ago?
Better treatments
Earlier diagnosis
More screening
Better knowledge of risk factors
118
Why are people in developed countries more likely to suffer from non-communicable disease?
Richer and so have access to higher fat/sugar/salt food which increase BP and the rate of fatty deposit formation
119
Why are people in more affluent (richer) areas of a country less likely to develop non-communicable?
Less likely to smoke
More likely to exercise
Diet lower in sugar/fat/salt
120
Give 4 human impacts costs of non-communicable diseases
Death
Lower quality of life
Shorter life
Impacted loved ones
121
What is added to stomach that kills pathogen?
Hydrochloric acid
