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GCSE AQA Biology 9-1 > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles with a net movement from a high concentration to a low concentration

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2
Q

Why is oxygen needed in the body?

A

It is needed for respiration in cells

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3
Q

Why does oxygen move into a cell?

A

There is a high concentration outside the cell as it is surrounded by blood from the lungs.

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4
Q

Why does carbon dioxide move out of the cell?

A

There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the cell

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5
Q

What is carbon dioxide in the body?

A

A waste product of respiration

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6
Q

What is urea?

A

A waste product produced in cells

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7
Q

Why does urea move out of the cell?

A

There’s a high concentration in the cell so if users through the membrane into blood plasma

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8
Q

What factors increase the rate of diffusion?

A

A higher surface area
A greater concentration gradient
High temperature

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9
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

A measure of how large an organism surface area is compared to its volume.

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10
Q

Why can single celled organisms use diffusion to get all the gases?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio

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11
Q

What happens when an organisms gets larger?

A

Surface area to volume ratio falls

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12
Q

Why can multicellular organisms not use diffusion to get gases?

A

The surface area to volume ratio is not large enough so oxygen cannot diffuse to the centre of the organism

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13
Q

What adaptation do gills have?

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane
High blood flow

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules over a partially permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration

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16
Q

How do plants use active transport?

A

It allows minerals in areas of low concentration in the soil to move into the root hair cells against a concentration gradient

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17
Q

How is active transport used in digestion?

A

When there is a low concentration of nutrients in the gut but higher concentration of nutrients in the blood.

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18
Q

What is the difference between active transport and diffusion?

A

Active transport uses energy while diffusion is passive.

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19
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area
Moist lining for dissolving gases
Very thin walls
Good blood supply

20
Q

What are villi?

A

Tiny projections in the small intestine to help absorb digested food as quickly as possible

21
Q

What are the adaptations of villi?

A

Single layer of surface cells

Very good blood supply to assist quick absorption

22
Q

What adaptations do leaves have?

A

Stomata
Oxygen and water diffuse out of the stomata
Flatten shape to increase area of exchange surface
Air spaces inside the leaf

23
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A smaller and simpler cell compared to a eukaryotic cell

24
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex cell including all animal and plant cells.

25
Q

What structures do bacterial cells have?

A

Strands of DNA
Plasmids
No chloroplast or mitochondria
Cell wall

26
Q

What are the parts of a microscope?

A 
Eyepiece
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Light
Stage
High and low power objective lenses
27
Q

what is 1 order of magnitude mean?

A

It means 10x

every order of magnitude is 10 times greater than the one before.

28
Q

what are mitochondria?

A

where aerobic respiration takes place

29
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

30
Q

what other structures do plants cells contain?

A

chloroplasts
cell wall
vacuole

31
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

they contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis

32
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

it is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell

33
Q

what is the vacuole?

A

a sac filled with cell sap which helps give the cell shape

34
Q

what is specialisation?

A

when a cell has adaptations which help them to carry out their particular function

35
Q

what adaptations do sperm cells have?

A

a long tail - allows it to swim, makes it streamlined
packed with mitochondria - provide the energy to swim
contain enzymes - allows the sperm to digest the outer layer of the ovum

36
Q

what are the adaptations of a muscle cell?

A

protein fibres - can change length to allow cells to contract
mitochondria - provides energy for muscle contraction

37
Q

what are the adaptations of a nerve cell?

A

an axon - carries the electrical impulses
myelin sheath - insulates axon to speed up transmission
synapses - allow impulses to pass between cells
dendrites - increase surface area so other nerve cells can connect more easily

38
Q

why do plant roots have root hairs?

A

to increase the surface area of the root so it can absorb water and dissolved minerals more easily

39
Q

what adaptations do root hair cells have?

A

root hair - increases surface area

no chloroplasts - cells are underground

40
Q

what adaptations do xylem cells have?

A

lignified walls - provide support
broken down end walls - water can flow easily
no internal structures - makes it easy for water to flow

41
Q

what adaptations do phloem cells have?

A

sieve plates - allow dissolved sugars to move through the plant
companion cells - provide energy for the vessel cell

42
Q

what are some limitations of light microscopes?

A

limited magnification

limited resolution

43
Q

what are some advantages of an electron microscope?

A

greater magnification and resolution

44
Q

what is the formula for calculating magnification?

A

magnification = size of image/real size of object

45
Q

what is meant by turgid?

A

when water moves into the cell by osmosis and becomes swollen. it does not burst as the cell wall supports the cell

46
Q

what does flaccid mean?

A

when water moves out of a plant cell by osmosis and causes it to shrink

47
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

the difference between the areas of high concentration and low concentration

GCSE AQA Biology 9-1 (20 decks)

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