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GCSE AQA Biology 9-1 > B5 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

B5 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is a communicable disease?

A

a disease which can be spread from person to person

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2
Q

how are communicable diseases spread?

A

by pathogens such as bacteria or viruses

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3
Q

how do different diseases interact with each other?

A

one disease can put someone at risk of other diseases

one disease can also cause another

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4
Q

what are pathogens?

A

microorganisms which cause infectious disease

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5
Q

what are some examples of pathogens?

A

bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

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6
Q

how do bacteria make humans ill?

A

once inside the body, they reproduce rapidly
they can then release harmful chemicals (toxins)
toxins damage tissues and make us feel ill

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7
Q

how do viruses make humans ill?

A

the virus invades the host cell
it then reproduces inside the cell
this is very damaging to the cell and cause it to burst open and die when the virus leaves

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8
Q

how do viruses reproduce?

A

they have to use a host cell

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9
Q

how are pathogens spread?

A

in the air (e.g. water droplets)
directly in water
direct contact by individuals

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10
Q

how can the spread of pathogens be reduced?

A

washing hands before eating
clean drinking water
isolation
vaccination

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11
Q

what type of pathogen is malaria?

A

a protist

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12
Q

what is the life cycle of the malaria pathogen?

A

an infected person is bitten by a mosquito. the pathogen passes into the mosquito.
the mosquito then bites a different person and infects them

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13
Q

what is a vector?

A

another organism which carries a pathogen from one person to another without being infected itself

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14
Q

what are the mains ways to stop the spread of malaria?

A

stop the vector from breeding - drain areas of still water, spray areas with insecticide
prevent mosquitoes biting humans - sleep under mosquito nets

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15
Q

give 2 examples of viral diseases:

A

measles

HIV

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16
Q

can antibiotics kill viruses?

A

no.

viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of measles?

A

high fever

red skin rash

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18
Q

how is measles spread?

A

in droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes

the virus then passes to a different person when the droplets are inhaled

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19
Q

what can happen if someone has measles?

A

complications can develop
this can cause damage to the breathing system and the brain
it can also be fatal

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20
Q

what are young children given to protect them against measles?

A

a vaccination

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21
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV?

A

a flu-like illness

22
Q

what is the HIV virus doing to the cells in the body?

A

the virus is attacking the cells in the body’s immune system

this means the immune system becomes severely damaged

23
Q

what happens when the immune system becomes badly damaged?

A

it cannot fight off other infections that people could normally deal with
it is also unable to fight cancer cells

24
Q

what is the late stage of the HIV called?

A

the patient is described as having late-stage HIV or AIDS

this is fatal

25
Q

what is the treatment for HIV?

A

antiretroviral drugs - stops the virus multiplying so it does not damage the immune system
these drugs are not a cure and they must be taken by the patient for the rest of their life

26
Q

how is HIV transmitted?

A

through the exchange of fluids between humans

27
Q

what are some examples of bacterial diseases?

A

salmonella food poisoning

gonorrhoea

28
Q

what drugs kill bacteria?

A

antibiotics

29
Q

how is the bacteria causing salmonella food poisoning spread?

A

by ingesting infected food

30
Q

what causes the symptoms of salmonella?

A

the toxins released by the bacteria

31
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning?

A

fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

32
Q

what controls the spread of salmonella food poisoning in the UK?

A

all chicken are vaccinated against salmonella

33
Q

how is gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

it is an STD

34
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

thick yellow/green discharge

pain when urinating

35
Q

how was gonorrhoea treated in the past?

A

it was treated with penicillin

however, antibiotic resistant strains of the bacteria are now common

36
Q

what is used to treat gonorrhoea today?

A

different antibiotics (not penecillin)

37
Q

what can stop the transmission of gonorrhoea?

A

use a condom - stops bacteria passing from person to person

get tested - they can then be treated and prevent it from being passed on

38
Q

what are some examples of diseases in plants?

A

virus - tobacco mosaic virus

fungus - rose black spot

39
Q

what are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

A

leaves discolour in a mosaic pattern

40
Q

what does discolouration in leaves result in? (from TMV or rose black spot)

A

the rate of photosynthesis is reduced so the growth of the plant is reduced

41
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

leaves develop purple or black spots

leaves then often turn yellow and fall off

42
Q

how is rose black spot spread?

A

the fungus is spread by water or wind

43
Q

what are the ways to treat rose black spot?

A

fungicides - kills the fungi

remove infected leaves and destroy them

44
Q

what do aphids do to plants?

A

extract nutrients from the plant, stunting it’s growth

45
Q

are insects a pathogen?

A

no

they do not cause an infectious disease

46
Q

how can you spot diseases on plants?

A 
growths
spots
discolouration
stunted growth
decay or rot 
malformed stems or leaves
47
Q

how can you identify a plant disease?

A

use a garden manual or website
take the infected plant to a lab to identify the pathogen
testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies

48
Q

what happens if there is a lack of the nitrate ion in plants?

A

it causes stunted growth

this is because nitrate is needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth

49
Q

what happens if there is a lack of the magnesium ion in plants?

A

it causes chlorosis as magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll
the leaves lose their green colouration

50
Q

what features does the physical defence system in plants have?

A

cellulose cell wall and waxy cuticle - difficult for microbes to penetrate
bark - a barrier to entry for microbes

51
Q

what features make up the chemical response in plants?

A

antibacterial chemicals - kill bacteria

poisons - deters herbivores from grazing on the plant

52
Q

what features make up the mechanical defence system in plants?

A

thorns - protect from being eaten by herbivores
hairs - irritate the mouth of herbivores making it difficult to eat
leaves that droop or curl when touched - might scare herbivores
mimicry - herbivores think the plant is something else so don’t eat it

GCSE AQA Biology 9-1 (20 decks)

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