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GCSE AQA Biology 9-1 > B6 Treating Comunicable Disease > Flashcards

B6 Treating Comunicable Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the job of the non-specific defence system?

A

to prevent pathogens from entering the human body

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2
Q

what does the skin do to protect the body?

A

form a protective layer over the body
the outer layer of dead cells mean it is difficult for pathogens to penetrate
sebum can kill bacteria
scabs stop pathogens entering when the skin is broken

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3
Q

what does the nose have to protect from pathogens?

A

hairs and mucus to trap pathogens before they enter the respiratory system

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4
Q

what do the bronchi and trachea have to protect the lungs?

A

cilia covered in mucus.

this traps pathogens so that the cilia can waft the mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach

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5
Q

what does the stomach contain to protect it?

A

hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens before they go any further into the digestive system

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6
Q

what does the immune system do?

A

destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce

protects us in case the same type of pathogen invades us again in the future

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7
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

when white blood cells ingest a pathogen after detecting it in the blood stream
it then digests it using enzymes to destroy it

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8
Q

what are antibodies?

A

protein molecules produced by white blood cells

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9
Q

how do antibodies destroy pathogens?

A

they stick to the pathogen

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10
Q

what are two key facts about antibodies?

A

they are very specific

they can stay in the blood for a long time

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11
Q

what are antitoxins?

A

molecules which stick to toxins and prevent them from damaging cells

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12
Q

what does vaccination involve?

A

introducing small amounts of dead or inactive of the pathogen into the body

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13
Q

what does the pathogen being dead or inactive in vaccination mean?

A

it cannot lead to disease in the patient

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14
Q

what do dead or inactive pathogens cause white blood cells to do? (in vaccination)

A

to produce antibodies against the pathogen

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15
Q

what happens to the white blood cell after it has produced antibodies? (in vaccination)

A

it divides by mitosis

these copies of the cell then stay in the blood to protect the body if the same pathogen returns to the body

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16
Q

how does herd immunity work?

A

an unvaccinated person cannot catch the disease as the people around them have been vaccinated.
this is because the people around them cannot pass the pathogen on

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17
Q

how do antibiotics treat bacterial infections?

A

they kill the infective bacteria without harming the body cells

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18
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

when bacteria evolve so they are no longer killed by antibiotics
this is because they have been overused

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19
Q

what are doctors careful about when prescribing antibiotics?

A

they make sure to prescribe antibiotics for specific bacteria

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20
Q

what do painkillers do?

A

they treat the symptoms of the disease but not the cause of it
they do not kill pathogens

21
Q

why is it difficult to produce drugs that kill viruses?

A

viruses live and reproduce inside cells

this makes it difficult as the drugs could also kill the body cells

22
Q

where do drugs come from?

A

some come from plants or microorganisms

most drugs today are synthesised by chemists but the starting point is often a chemical in a plant

23
Q

what things need to be checked when making a drug?

A

the toxicity - if it is safe for humans
the efficacy - if it treats the issue
the dosage

24
Q

what is the drug tested on in preclinical testing?

A

cells, tissues and live animals

it is not tested on humans as the drug could be extremely toxic

25
Q

what is clinical testing?

A

when a drug is tested on humans

26
Q

what is a drug tested on in the first stages of clinical testing?

A

low doses of the drug are given to healthy volunteers

this is to check the drug is safe on humans

27
Q

what happens after the first stages of clinical testing?

A

clinical testing continues to find the optimal dose

this is the best does to treat the disease with the fewest side effects

28
Q

what is a placebo?

A

a tablet or injection with no active drug in it

29
Q

what happens to some patients if they are given a placebo?

A

they will get better as they think they are being treated so believe they will get better

30
Q

what happens in a double blind drug trial?

A

neither the patient nor the doctors know who is receiving the placebo or active drug

31
Q

why are double blind trials used?

A

to stop bias in case the doctors pay more attention to the patient with the active drug

32
Q

what are antibodies produced by?

A

white blood cells called lymphocytes

33
Q

what do lymphocytes produce antibodies against?

A

anything the body detects as foreign

34
Q

what are antigens?

A

foreign objects to the body

35
Q

what happens when a mouse is injected with an antigen?

A

it will produce lymphocytes that produce antibodies against the antigen

36
Q

what is the problem with the lymphocytes the mouse produces?

A

they do not divide by mitosis

37
Q

what is a hybridoma?

A

a cell that is made from a lymphocyte from a mouse and a tumour cell

38
Q

why are hybridomas made?

A

the combination of the lymphocyte and the tumour cell means that the cell can divide by mitosis and produce antibodies

39
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A

antibodies which have come from a single hybridoma clone

40
Q

what is the benefit of monoclonal antibodies?

A

they are specific to one binding site on one antigen

this means a specific chemical or specific cells can be targeted

41
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing?

A

they detect a specific hormone

42
Q

what is good about pregnancy tests?

A

they are cheap and easy to use

highly accurate if used correctly

43
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in lab testing?

A

measure levels of hormones in blood

to detect pathogens in the blood

44
Q

what is the advantage for using monoclonal antibodies in lab testing?

A

they are completely specific for what is being looked for

45
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used for location?

A

they are used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue
the antibodies are attached to dyes so, when they stick to the molecule, their locations can be seen

46
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer?

A

monoclonal antibodies specific to cancer cells are made.
a radioactive substance or toxic drug is then attached to the antibody
the drug or radioactive drug then stops the cancer cells from growing or dividing

47
Q

what is the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer?

A

the antibody delivers the substance specifically to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body

48
Q

what are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

in some drug trials, they have been found to produce very harmful side effects

GCSE AQA Biology 9-1 (20 decks)

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