B10 & B14 - diseases & immunity, drugs

Question 1

define disease

Answer 1

harmful deviation from the normal structure or function of the organism

Question 2

define pathogen & eg

Answer 2

a disease causing organism or virus
eg, bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

Question 3

features of a virus

Answer 3

-drawing: circle with a circle in with a coil, spikes around outer cirlce
-coil = genetic material
-space btw circles = protein coat/ capsid
-spikes = spike protein

Question 4

facts about viruses

Answer 4

-200 - 400 nanometers (1/10 bacteria size, 1/100 human animal cell size)
-contains genetic info (DNA/ RNA)
-has protein coat/ spike protein
-no nucleus, cytoplasm, no cell = non- living

Question 5

define a transmissible disease

Answer 5

-disease caused by a pathogen & can be passed from 1 host to another

Question 6

example of transmissible diseases

Answer 6

eg. covid, rabis, AIDS, HFMD, salmonella

Question 7

define a non- transmissible disease

Answer 7

-disease not caused by a pathogen

Question 8

example of non- transmissible diseases

Answer 8

eg. coronary heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson, most cancer, (anything genetic)

Question 9

Methods of Transmitting diseases

Answer 9

-direct contact
-indirect contact

Question 10

transmitting diseases by direct contact & example

Answer 10

-blood (blood transfusion/ sexual contact) eg. HIV
-mucus/ saliva (droplet infection) eg. covid

Question 11

transmitting diseases by indirect contact & example

Answer 11

-contaminated surfaces eg. covid
-contaminated food eg. salmonella
-contaminated water eg. cholera
-animals spread diseases eg. malaria

Question 12

how to control spread of diseases

Answer 12

-a clean water supply
-hygienic food preparation
-good personal hygiene
-waster disposal
-sewage treatment

Question 13

how does a clean water supply control the spread of diseases

Answer 13

process: good water treatment
prevention: removes pathogens, prevent spread of pathogen, prevent drinking contaminated water

Question 14

how does hygienic food preparation control the spread of diseases

Answer 14

process: wash your hands, cover food
prevention: removes pathogen, prevent flies on landing on food

Question 15

how does good personal hygiene control the spread of diseases

Answer 15

process: wash hands with soap, use disposable tissue
prevention: removes pathogens, prevent spread of pathogen

Question 16

how does waster disposal control the spread of diseases

Answer 16

process: cover rubbish bins
prevention: prevents flies/ rats from spreading disease

Question 17

how does sewage treatment control the spread of diseases

Answer 17

process: plumbing, treat raw sewage, put chlorine
prevention: keeps sewage away form people, removes/ kills pathogens

Question 18

ways the body prevent pathogen entry & how they work

Answer 18

-skin - impermeable to pathogens
-hairs in nose - hairs trap air particles that could contain pathogens
-mucus - mucus traps pathogens
-stomach acid - HCl kills pathogens

Question 19

type of barriers in body to prevent pathogen entry

Answer 19

-skin - mechanical
-hairs in nose - mechanical;
-mucus - mechanical/ chemical
-stomach aicd - chemical

Question 20

what does white blood cells do if pathogen enters body

Answer 20

-phagocytes - phagocytosis
-lymphocytes - produce antibodies

Question 21

define antigen

Answer 21

-a protein on the cell membrane which identifies a cell
-pathogens have foreign antigens

Question 22

where are antigens found

Answer 22

on surface of cell membrane

Question 23

define antibodies

Answer 23

Y shaped proteins that destroy specific pathogens/ antigens

Question 23

what do antigens trigger

Answer 23

activates antibody produciton

Question 23

define active immunity

Answer 23

foreign antigen stimulates the production of specific antibodies & memory cells are made which remain in the blood

Question 24

what is an antibody specifity

Answer 24

antibody has a complementary shape that only fits 1 antigen

Question 25

how to get active immunity

Answer 25

-be exposed to antigen to make your own antibodies & memory cells

Question 26

define passive immunity

Answer 26

-receiving antibodies, rather than making them ourselves -no memory cells are made

Question 27

how is passive immunity done

Answer 27

-breastfeeding/ placenta -some vaccinations

Question 28

how does vaccination help achieve active immunity

Answer 28

-inject dead/ weakened pathogens or just antigen - does not cause the disease -lymphocytes recognize foreign antigen -lymphocytes product antibodies against pathogen -lymphocytes produce memory cells which stay in the blood -second time of exposure, you make antibodies faster & more = don't get sick

Question 29

why do you get the same sickness twice

Answer 29

-the pathogen mutates so its antigen changes too -the antibodies don't work on the diff. antigen

Question 30

how does vaccination control the spread of diseases

Answer 30

-provided protection to the population -if everyone is vaccinated, pathogen cannot be spread -vaccinated people cannot spread/ pass on pathogen -vaccination can achieve active immunity

Question 31

describe how vaccination can prevent the spread of diseases

Answer 31

-active immunity -dead/ weakened pathogens injected -antigen triggers antibody production by lymphocytes -memory cells are reproduced -no host for pathogen to spread to

Question 32

define drug

Answer 32

any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects the chemical reactions in the body

Question 33

define antibiotics & example

Answer 33

medicinal drugs that kill bacteria eg. penicillin

Question 34

how to antibiotics work

Answer 34

-prevent bacterial cell wall form developing -prevent ribosomes & enzymes from working -prevent bacteria form reproducing

Question 35

why do antibiotics not kill viruses

Answer 35

-viruses don't contain bacterial cells/ cell wall/ enzymes/ ribosomes

Question 36

cause of viral infections

Answer 36

-viruses -so you can't treat them with antibiotics (antibiotics are only effective against bacteria)

Question 37

reasons that antibiotics can lose their effectiveness

Answer 37

-antibiotics used to treat viral infections -large scale use of antibiotics as a disease prevention -mutations occur in the bacteria

Question 38

how does bacteria develop antibiotic resistance

Answer 38

-mutation occurs -most bacteria are not resistant -after exposure to antibiotics, non- resistant bacteria die -resistant bacteria survive & can multiply & pass their resistance by plasmid to the remaining non- resistant bacteria

Question 39

define MRSA

Answer 39

bacteria that are resistant to most antibiotics

Question 39

way antibiotic resistance can be prevented

Answer 39

-complete course of antibiotic -only use antibiotics when prescribed -don't overuse antibiotics -farmers should not use antibiotics to prevent infenction