definitions Flashcards
1
Q
define Movement
A
an action done by an organism causing a change in position or place
2
Q
Define Reproduction
A
process that makes more of the same kind of organism
3
Q
define Sensitivity
A
the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment
4
Q
define Growth
A
permanent increase in size and dry mass
5
Q
define Respiration
A
a chemical process where nutrients molecules are broken down and release energy for metabolism
6
Q
define Excretion
A
removal of waste products for metabolism and substances in excess of requirement
note: needs to enter cells
7
Q
Define Nutrition
A
taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
8
Q
Define heterotrophic
A
organisms that eat other organisms
eg, animals
9
Q
define generation time
A
time taken for each cell to divide into 2
9
Q
define autotrophic
A
organisms that self feed
eg, plants
10
Q
state the 3 cell theory
A
- all organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
- the cell is the basic organizational (smallest unit of life) unit of life
- all cells come from pre-existing cells
11
Q
define cell
A
basic fundamental and structural unit in a living organism
12
Q
define tissue
A
a group of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same functions
13
Q
define organ
A
made form different tissues working together to perform specific functions
14
Q
define organ system
A
group of organs with their related functions working together to perform bodily functions
15
Q
define organism
A
a complex living thing made up of interacting organ systems
16
Q
define diffusion
A
movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient as a result of their random movement
17
Q
define concentration gradient
A
difference in region of higher concentration and a region of lower concentration
18
Q
define osmosis
A
net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable cell membrane
19
Q
define solute
A
substance dissolved in a solvent
20
Q
define solvent
A
substance that a solute dissolves in
21
Q
define solution
A
solute + solvent
22
Q
define concentrated solution
A
high solute concentrated
23
Q
define diluted solution
A
low solute concentration
24
define partially permeable cell membrane
a cell membrane that allows some substances through but not others
25
define net movement
total movement
26
define equilibrium
no net movement
27
define isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
-isotonic - equal solute concentration = equal water potential
- hypertonic - higher solute concentration - lower water potential
- hypotonic - lower solute concentration - higher water potential
28
define plasmolysis
cytoplasm and cell membrane rips away from the cell wall
29
define haemolysis
cell membrane bursts
30
define crenation
cell membrane shrinks
31
define passive
does not require cells energy from respiration
32
define active transport
movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to the region of higher concentration up a concentration gradient using energy from respiration
33
define the sun
Sun is the principal source of energy input into biological systems
34
define food chains
shows transfer of energy from 1 organism to the next beginning with a producer
35
define trophic level
the position of an organism in a food chain/ web
36
define food webs
a network of interconnected food chains
37
define producer
an organism that make sit own organic nutrients usually using energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis (1 trophic level)
38
define consumer
an organism that gets it energy by feeding on other organisms
39
define predator
an organism at the top of the food chain/web and are not killed by other organisms
40
define herbivore
an animal that gets its energy only from plants
41
define carnivore
an animal that gets its energy by eating other organisms
42
define primary consumer
organism that feeds on a producer
43
define secondary consumer
organism that feeds on a primary consumer
44
define tertiary consumer
organism that feeds on a secondary consumer
45
define quaternary consumer
organism that feeds on a tertiary consumer
46
define decomposers
an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material
47
define hydrolysis reaction
chemical break down of a compound due to reaction with water
48
define overharvesting and give an examples
humans removing more organisms than can be replaced by reproduction = unsustainable
eg, Atlantic cod
49
define introduction of foreign species to a habitat and give an example
non-native species are introduced to the habitat
eg, cane toad
50
define ecosystem
a unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together.
51
define habitat
an area where an organism lives
52
define population
all the members of the same species
53
define community
all populations of living organisms in a habitat
54
define biodiversity
number of different species that live in an area.
55
define bioaccumulation
build up of chemical in body (fat)
56
define biomagnification
concentration of chemical increases with each tropic level
57
define biodegradable
cannot break down
58
define biological control of pests
introduction of foreign species
59
define deforestation
mass clearing of forests
60
define aerobic respiration
chemical reaction in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules and to release energy
61
define anaerobic respiration
chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without oxygen
62
define oxygen debt
the extra oxygen needed after exercise to break down lactic acid
63
define disaccharides, and eg
2 simple sugars, maltose sugar
63
define ventilation
-movement of air in and out of lungs by breathing movement
64
define gas exchange
-diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of an organism's body
65
define polysaccharides, and eg
multiple sugar molecules bonded together, starch
66
define protein molecules
a long chain of amino acids
67
define a balance diet
a balanced diet include carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water in the correct proportions to meet energy and specific dietary needs.
68
define micronutrients
nutrients need in small amounts
68
Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
energy consumed in 1 day by process required to stay alive
69
define macronutrients
nutrients needed in large amounts
70
define fibers
indigestible carbohydrates
71
define cellulose
-is an insoluble fiber in plant cells
72
define peristalsis
muscles contraction during digestion
73
define reducing sugars
maltose
74
define enzymes
protein that is involved in all metabolic reactions where they function as biological catalysts
75
define catalyst
a substance which increases rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction
76
define substrate
molecule which an enzyme acts on
77
define optimum temp
temp where enzyme activity is highest
78
define KE
-random movement energy by enzyme and substrate
-heat increases this
79
define successful collisions
-when enzyme and substrate bump into each other with sufficient energy for chemical reaction to take place
80
define denatured
-when enzyme's active site changes shape permanently so that itis not complementary to substrate
-caused by high temp and extreme pH
81
define digestion
break down of food
82
define mechanical digestion
break down of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
83
define ingestion
taking of substances into the body
84
define chemical digestion
break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
85
define absorption into bloodstream
movement of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood
86
define assimilation
uptake and use of nutrients by cells
87
define egestion
removal of undigested food from the body as faeces
88
define saliva
mixture of water, mucus and amylase
89
Define bolus
lump of food
90
define emulsification
-physical process that breaks down large fat droplets into small fat droplets to provide large surface area for fat digestion by lipase
91
define inheritance
transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
eg. eye colour, hair colour, height
92
define chromosome
-made of DNA which contains genetic info in the form of genes
eg.
-46 chromo. (23 pairs) in every nucleus - 23 from sperm, 23 from egg
-arranged in pairs
92
define gene
-a length of DNA that codes for a protein
-eg. brown eyed protein
93
define Allele
-an alternative version of a gene
-eg. brown eyed allele
94
define haploid nucleus
-nucleus containing a single set of chromo.
eg. gametes, pollen & ovaries
95
define diploid nucleus
-nucleus containing 2 sets of chromo.
eg. in all body cells (2n = 46 [in pairs])
96
define gametes
sex cells ( sperm & egg)
97
define zygote
-fertilized egg
98
define mitosis
-nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells
(diploid -> diploid)
99
define meiosis
reduction division in which the chromo. no. is halving from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically diff. cells
(need for sexual reproduction)
(haploid-> diploid -> haploid)
100
define genotype
genetic make up of an organism in terms of an allele present
(always in 2 symbols)
eg, BB, Bb, bb
100
define phenotype
observable features of an organism
(always in words)
eg, brown eyes, blue eyes, curly hair
101
define homozygous
having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene
eg, BB, bb
102
define heterozygous
having 2 alleles of a particular gene
eg, Bb
103
define pure bred
2 identical homozygous individuals breed tgt
eg, BB & BB, bb & bb
104
define not pure bred
2 heterozygous individuals will not pure breed
105
define dominant allele
allele that is expressed if it is in the genotype
(always first letter & capital)
106
define recessive allele
allele only expressed when there is no dominant allele in the gene
(always small letter)
107
define variation
differences btw individuals of the same species
108
define mutation & example
-a genetic change to the NA in a gene or chromo.
-cystic fibrosus, Albinism, hemophilia
109
define artificial selection
-choosing particular organisms with desired characteristics to breed tgt & continuing this process over many generations
110
define natural selection
process where individuals with advantageous features are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass their alleles to the next gen.
111
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