B11 - gas exchange (respiratory system)

Question 1

name the 11 parts in a lung structure

Answer 1

-larynx (voice box)
-trachea
-bronchus
-bronchioles
-alveoli
-diaphragm
-ribs
-intercostal muscles
-external costal muscles
-lungs
-pleural fluids and pleural membrane

Question 2

what’s the function of larynx (voice box)

Answer 2

-air passes through
-vocal cords vibrate to make sound

Question 3

what’s the function of bronchus

Answer 3

-split from trachea
-2 of them
-left bronchi to left lung , right bronchi to right lung
- narrower than trachea

Question 3

what’s the function of trachea

Answer 3

-an open tube with C-shaped rings of cartilage (this makes it strong and allows it to move)
-carries air to bronchus
-lined with goblet cells and ciliated cells

Question 4

what’s the function of bronchioles

Answer 4

-split from bronchus
-very narrow branch that leads to the alveoli

Question 5

what’s the function of alveoli

Answer 5

-site of gas exchange
-1 cell thick
-covered with network of blood capillaries

Question 6

what’s the function of ribs

Answer 6

-protect lungs

Question 7

what’s the function of lungs

Answer 7

-made up of millions of alveoli

Question 8

what’s the function of intercostal muscles

Answer 8

-lower rib cage

Question 9

what’s the function of external costal muscles

Answer 9

-lift rib cage

Question 10

what’s the function of pleural membrane

Answer 10

-lubricates when lungs move (reduce friction)

Question 11

what’s the function of pleural fluid

Answer 11

-lubricates when lungs move (reduce friction)

Question 12

what’s the function of diaphragm

Answer 12

-a sheet of muscle
-separate respiratory system from the lower part of the body
-contracts (goes down) in inhalation / moves up and down

Question 13

what is throat

Answer 13

pharynx

Question 14

what is chest

Answer 14

thorax

Question 15

composition of oxygen in inspired air

Answer 15

21%

Question 16

composition of oxygen in expired air

Answer 16

16%

Question 17

composition of carbon dioxide in inspired air

Answer 17

0.04%

Question 18

composition of carbon dioxide in expired air

Answer 18

4%

Question 19

composition of nitrogen in inspired and expired air

Answer 19

78%

Question 20

composition of water vapor in inspired air

Answer 20

variable

Question 21

composition of water vapor in expired air

Answer 21

saturated

Question 22

composition of other gases (eg. argon) in inspired and expired air

Answer 22

less than 0.1%

Question 23

composition of temperature in inspired air

Answer 23

variable

Question 23

composition of temperature in expired air

Answer 23

37 degrees (warm)

Question 24

reason for difference in composition of oxygen in inspired and expired air

Answer 24

-oxygen is used up in aerobic respiration

Question 25

reason for difference in composition of carbon dioxide in inspired and expired air

Answer 25

-carbon dioxide is a waste product of aerobic respiration

Question 26

reason for no difference in composition of nitrogen in inspired and expired air

Answer 26

-nitrogen is not used in aerobic respiration

Question 27

reason for difference in composition of water vapor in inspired and expired air

Answer 27

-water is a waste product of aerobic respiration

Question 28

reason for difference in composition of other gases in inspired and expired air

Answer 28

-they are not used in aerobic respiration

Question 29

reason for difference in composition of temperature in inspired and expired air

Answer 29

-heat energy is released during aerobic respiration

Question 30

carbon dioxide in expired air experiment

Answer 30

-2 tubes of lime water -a mouth piece connected to 2 separate tubes- on touches the limewater in the tube, other doesn't -when breathe in - tube with tube not in limewater bubbles - air from room is drawn, air contains little carbon dioxide so limewater stays same -when breathe out - tube with tube in line water bubbles - expired air is released and contains lots of carbon dioxide - lime water turn milky white

Question 31

oxygen in expired air experiment

Answer 31

-have a burning candle in a jar with normal air - candle burns for a while -have a burning candle in a jar with expired air - candle burns for a short while -there is little oxygen in expired air than inspired air - candle burns shorter in expired air

Question 32

What does alveolus have in them

Answer 32

a layer of moisture

Question 33

what does the layer of moisture in alveolus do

Answer 33

dissolve oxygen

Question 34

4 advantageous features of alveolus

Answer 34

-large surface area -1 cell thick -network of capillaries surround the alveolus -well ventilated

Question 35

how does a large surface area help the alveolus

Answer 35

-many molecules can diffuse across at the same time - increases rate of diffusion

Question 36

how does being 1 cell thick help the alveolus

Answer 36

-short distance for diffusion - increases rate of diffusion

Question 37

how does a network of capillaries surround the alveolus help the alveolus

Answer 37

-the moving blood brings carbon dioxide and remove oxygen

Question 38

how does well ventilation help the alveolus

Answer 38

-keeps oxygen concentration high - 21% -keeps carbon dioxide concentration low- 0.04% -maintains a steep concentration gradient for diffusion to take place - steep = increased rate of diffusion

Question 39

order of process when inhaling

Answer 39

-ventilation (breathing) -gas exchange -aerobic respiration

Question 40

define ventilation

Answer 40

-movement of air in and out of lungs by breathing movement

Question 41

define gas exchange

Answer 41

-diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of an organism's body

Question 42

define aerobic respiration

Answer 42

-chemical reaction in cell that break down nutrient molecules and release energy using oxygen

Question 43

Note: when finding left and right of a diagram- their right is your left

Question 44

experiment to investigate the effects of physical activity on breathing rate

Answer 44

-rest for 1 minute -count the number of breathes taken in 30s and double it -run for 1 minute -count the number of breathes taken in 30s and double it

Question 45

what is depth of breathing also called

Answer 45

tidal volume

Question 46

what measures the tidal volume and breathing rate

Answer 46

spirometer

Question 47

explain the cause of increased breathing rate and depth

Answer 47

- increased muscle contraction - more energy - more aerobic respiration - more oxygen needed and carbon dioxide produced - increased carbon dioxide in blood - makes carbonic acid - toxic (ph decreases) - brain senses drop in ph in blood - brain sends nerve impulse to diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increases rate and depth of breathing - increased ventilation - more gas exchange

Question 48

where is the highest concentration of oxygen in an alveolus

Answer 48

in the alveolus

Question 49

note: when a Q asks to explain the difference in breathing before and after exercise - add cause + reason 1/2 of cause

Answer 49

eg. breathing rate is faster because more energy needed

Question 49

note: answer Q carefully based on what the Q wants

Question 50

effect of exercise on pattern of breathing

Answer 50

-increased breathing rate / depth - (due to) increased carbon dioxide concentration in blood - (because) carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration

Question 51

what does increased breathing rate do

Answer 51

-increased tidal volume

Question 52

what does increased heart rate do

Answer 52

-transport oxygenated blood faster

Question 53

why do you repeat experiment many times

Answer 53

-allows mean to be calculated -can find anomalies