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science > b2 > Flashcards

b2 Flashcards

1
Q

name all organs that food passes directly through

A

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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2
Q

name the organs which help food digest but food doesn’t pass through them

A

liver, pancreas, gall bladder

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3
Q

where do the nutrients go in order to travel around the body to the cells

A

the bloodstream

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4
Q

in which organ do do nutrients absorb into the bloodstream

A

intestines

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5
Q

how does the stomach digest food?

A

contains hydrochloric acid and bacteria for chemical break down. the muscles in the stomach use mechanical churning

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6
Q

how does the oesophagus digest food?

A

peristalsis is when the oesophagus contracts and relaxes to push food down the stomach

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7
Q

how does the small intestine digest food?

A

enzymes break down the carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the food. these enzymes break down the insoluble food into soluble substances which are absorbed into the bloodstream in the villi

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8
Q

how do the rectum and anus help digestion

A

faeces is stored here until it’s ready to be pushed out

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9
Q

how does the large intestine digest food

A

it helps with the absorption of water

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10
Q

what is bile

A

bile is an alkaline substance that neutralises the acid and makes the conditions alkaline so enzymes in the small intestine can work better

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11
Q

which side of the heart does deoxygenated blood travel through?

A

right

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12
Q

which side of the heart does oxygenated blood travel through?

A

left

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13
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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14
Q

where does deoxygenated blood travel

A

deoxygenated blood travels
- through vena cava to right atrium
- through valves to right ventricle
- through valves to pulmonary artery
- to the lungs

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15
Q

where does oxygenated blood travel?

A

oxygenated blood travels
- from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
- into left atrium
- through valves to right ventricle
- through valves to aorta
- to the body

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16
Q

what is the function of the valves?

A

valves prevent the back flow of blood

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17
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

arteries carry blood at high pressure away from the heart towards organs

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18
Q

what is the function of the veins?

A

veins carry blood at lower pressure back towards the heart

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19
Q

what is the function of the capillary?

A

capillaries provide exchange of materials (oxygen/carbon dioxide) from cells

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20
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A
  • thick walls
  • strong elastic fibres
  • narrow lumen
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21
Q

describe the structure of the veins

A
  • thinner walls
  • large lumen
22
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A
  • very small
  • permeable walls
  • one cell thick walls
  • very narrow lumen
23
Q

why are capillary walls one cell thick

A

increase diffusion rate
(exchange of materials)

24
Q

how is oxygen transported around the body?

A
  • in the lungs oxygen diffuses into the blood
  • oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • red blood cells transport it around body
  • oxyhaemoglobin spilts up so oxygen can be released into cells for respiration
25
Q

name the function and adaptations of red blood cells

A

red blood cells transport oxygen around the body

  • biconcave shape to increase surface area to carry more oxygen
  • no nucleus : more space
  • lots of haemoglobin : carry oxygen
26
Q

what is the pigment found in the red blood cell

A

haemoglobin

27
Q

what are platelets

A

platelets are small fragments of cells

28
Q

do platelets have a nucleus

A

no

29
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

to cause scabbing to clot the blood and stop the wound from getting infected

30
Q

what would happen without platelets if you got cut

A

excessive bleeding

31
Q

list the 6 biological materials that plasma carries

A
  1. red and white blood cells
  2. urea
  3. hormones
  4. nutrients ( glucose and amino acids )
  5. antibodies and antitoxins
  6. carbon dioxide
32
Q

what does coronary heart disease affect?

A

coronary heart disease affects the arteries that supply blood to the heart

33
Q

name three treatments for coronary heart disease

A
  1. stents
  2. statins
  3. artificial hearts
34
Q

how are stents used to treat coronary heart disease

A

wire mesh tube inserted into (coronary) arteries.
keeps artery open so blood can flow through

35
Q

what are the advantages of the use of stents to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • lowers the risk of heart attacks
  • quick recovery time from surgery
36
Q

what are the disadvantages of the use of stents to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • risk of complications during the surgery
  • risk of blood clot near stent (thrombosis)
37
Q

how are statins used to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • drugs used to reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in bloodstream
  • slows down the rate of fatty deposits so keeps blood flowing
38
Q

what are the advantages of the use of statins to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • can reduce the risk of strokes
  • can reduce the risk of heart disease
39
Q

what are the disadvantages of the use of statins to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • patients may forget to take them
  • negative side effects (like headaches)
  • takes time to work
40
Q

how are artificial hearts used to treat coronary heart disease

A

mechanical device that pumps blood for someone whose heart has failed or can’t get a donor

41
Q

what are the advantages of the use of artificial hearts to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • less likely to be rejected by the body than a human heart
42
Q

what are the disadvantages of the use of artificial hearts to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • surgery complications
  • parts could wear out
  • can be blood clots or strokes as blood doesn’t flow as smoothly
43
Q

why are replacement heart valves used

A

needed if valves are weakened by infection or old age

44
Q

what is a disadvantage of replacement heart valves

A

can lead to blood clots

45
Q

how can lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing coronary heart disease (6)

A

poor diet and lack of exercise
leads to high blood pressure which increases cholesterol and fatty deposits
smoking > high blood pressure
genetic factors

46
Q

what causes cancer

A

cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division resulting in the formation of a tumour

47
Q

what are the two types of tumours

A

benign and malignant

48
Q

describe benign tumours

A
  • tumours grow until there is no room
  • stays in one place (usually within a membrane)
  • doesn’t invade other tissues
  • not dangerous/cancerous
49
Q

describe malignant tumours
(5 points )

A
  • tumour grows
  • spreads to neighbouring tissues
  • cells spread via bloodstream
  • invade healthy tissue to form secondary tumours
  • dangerous and cancerous
50
Q

name four cancer risk factors

A
  1. smoking
  2. obesity
  3. UV exposure
  4. viral infections
51
Q

how do you test for sugars

A
  • add benedict’s solution
  • boil
  • if glucose is present, colour changes to yellow/ green/ orange/ brick red
52
Q

explain how amylase breaks down starch

A
  • starch / substrate binds to active site
  • because shape of active site and substrate are complementary
  • chemical reaction occurs for produce sugars

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