b3

Question 1

what are antibodies?

Answer 1

antibodies are small proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Question 2

how do viruses make you ill (3)

Answer 2

1. viruses enter and live inside cells
2. they reproduce rapidly inside cells
3. damage the cell by bursting out of the cell

Question 3

name the four microorganisms from smallest to largest

Answer 3

1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. protists
4. fungi

Question 4

how do bacteria make you ill? (3)

Answer 4

1. bacteria reproduce rapidly inside your body
2. they produce toxins
3. damage your tissue

Question 5

name five ways to prevent and reduce spread of diseases

Answer 5

1. simple hygiene
2. destroying vectors
3. barrier methods
4. isolation of infected individuals
5. vaccination

Question 6

what are vectors

Answer 6

small organisms that transfer and carry diseases

Question 7

what is a communicable disease

Answer 7

one that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector

Question 8

what is a non - communicable disease

Answer 8

medical condition or disease that is non infectious and non-transmissible amongst people

Question 9

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease measles

Answer 9

virus

Question 10

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease salmonella

Answer 10

bacteria

Question 11

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease malaria

Answer 11

protists

Question 12

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease black rose spot

Answer 12

fungi

Question 13

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease gonorrhoea

Answer 13

bacteria

Question 14

what are the symptoms of measles

Answer 14

fever and red skin rash

Question 15

what are the symptoms of hiv

Answer 15

flu like symptoms
attacks immune cells through lymph nodes

Question 16

what are the symptoms of tmv

Answer 16

mosaic pattern on discolouration on plants

Question 17

what are the symptoms of salmonella

Answer 17

fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

Question 18

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 18

thick yellow or green discharge
pain when urinating

Question 19

what are the symptoms of black rose spot

Answer 19

purple or black spots on leaves and they turn yellow

Question 20

what are the symptoms of malaria

Answer 20

fever

Question 21

how could you prevent the spread of measles

Answer 21

cover mouth when coughing
hygiene measures

Question 22

how could you prevent the spread of hiv

Answer 22

• use of condoms
• not sharing needles

Question 23

how could you prevent the spread of tmv

Answer 23

destroy all affected plants

Question 24

how could you prevent the spread of salmonella

Answer 24

vaccinate poultry

Question 25

how could you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

Answer 25

barrier methods eg condom

Question 26

how could you prevent the spread of black rose spot

Answer 26

remove and destroy affected leaves

Question 27

how could you prevent the spread of malaria

Answer 27

- prevent vectors from breeding - mosquito nets

Question 28

what is the suggested treatment for measles

Answer 28

vaccination

Question 29

what is the suggested treatment for hiv

Answer 29

antiretroviral drugs

Question 30

what is the suggested treatment for tmv

Answer 30

no cure

Question 31

what is the suggested treatment for gonorrhoea

Answer 31

antibiotic penicillin

Question 32

what is the suggested treatment for salmonella

Answer 32

antibiotics

Question 33

what is the suggested treatment for black rose spot

Answer 33

fungicides

Question 34

what is the suggested treatment for malaria

Answer 34

antimalarial medication

Question 35

name the four physical lines of defence

Answer 35

1. skin 2. trachea and bronchi 3. stomach 4. nose

Question 36

how does the skin defend against disease

Answer 36

- physical barrier - produces antimicrobial secretions

Question 37

how does the trachea and bronchi defend against disease

Answer 37

- secretes mucus which traps pathogens - cilia waft mucus to be swallowed

Question 38

how does the stomach defend against disease

Answer 38

hydrochloric acid kills pathogens

Question 39

how does the nose defend against disease

Answer 39

hair and mucus traps pathogens

Question 40

what is a vaccine

Answer 40

- dead or inactive pathogens - injected into the body - stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies

Question 41

what does immune mean

Answer 41

to be resistant towards a pathogen so if you are exposed again you won’t get the disease

Question 42

what type of drug does digitalis produce

Answer 42

heart drug

Question 43

what plant does aspirin come from

Answer 43

willow

Question 44

what microorganism does penicillin come from

Answer 44

mould

Question 45

what was the first antibiotic

Answer 45

penicillin

Question 46

what is an antigen

Answer 46

substance/ marker that causes an immune response

Question 47

why does high level of TMV infection reduce growth in a plant

Answer 47

- less chlorophyll - so less glucose

Question 48

what causes the symptoms of salmonella

Answer 48

toxins released by bacteria

Question 49

give two ways a person with mild salmonella can prevent spread to other people

Answer 49

1. isolation 2. wash hands before preparing food

Question 50

explain why a person with aids takes longer to recover from an infection

Answer 50

immune system is weakened so white blood cells can not kill bacteria as effectively

Question 51

give two ways farmers can prevent the transmission of salmonella from chickens to humans

Answer 51

1. vaccinate the chickens 2. give chickens antibiotics

Question 52

how can a scientist check if any result is repeatable

Answer 52

repeat to check if results are similar

Question 53

name two metabolic reactions

Answer 53

formation of lipids, formation of proteins

Question 54

name the six substances transported in the plasma

Answer 54

1. urea 2. carbon dioxide 3. water 4. glucose 5. amino acids 6. lactic acid

Question 55

what type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium

Answer 55

vein

Question 56

3 comparisons of artery structure and vein structure

Answer 56

1. artery has narrower lumen 2. arteries have a thicker layer of muscle 3. arteries do not have valves

Question 57

what condition may be treated with an artificial pacemaker

Answer 57

an irregular heartbeat

Question 58

suggest a reason for the reduced number of deaths from malaria each year.

Answer 58

- improved healthcare: new, more or cheaper treatments/ vaccinations

Question 59

how do the eyes protect against pathogens?

Answer 59

- produce tears - contains enzymes to kill bacteria - tears are antiseptic

Question 60

how is the volume of water lost from leaves controlled?

Answer 60

by guard cells opening and closing the stomata

Question 61

what does less energy released in respiring cells mean for the muscles of someone exercising?

Answer 61

less efficient muscle contraction

Question 62

why are a placebo and double blind trial used in drug testing?

Answer 62

- to avoid patients thinking they feel better with the drug - to avoid biases - as a control for comparison

Question 63

how would monoclonal antibodies work to treat pancreatic cancer? (3)

Answer 63

- monoclonal antibody is attached to drug/ chemical - monoclonal antibody will only attach to target antigen on the - so drug/ chemical will bind to cancer cells and stop them dividing

Question 64

what does a lack of platelets lead to?(2)

Answer 64

- blood does not clot as easily - excessive bleeding

Question 65

explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function (2)

Answer 65

- narrow lumen - to maintain high blood pressure or - thicker elastic walls/ tissue to maintain high blood pressure

Question 66

which are smaller, red blood cells or platelets ?

Answer 66

platelets