B3- Organisation And The Digestive System

Question 1

What is a tissue

Answer 1

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together

Question 2

What is an organ

Answer 2

Collection of tissues

Question 3

What does each organ contain?

Answer 3

Several tissues, all working together to perform a specific function

Question 4

What tissues do the stomach contain and what are their functions

Answer 4

muscular tissue- churn food + digestive juices of stomach together

glandular tissue-produces digestive juices that break down food

Epithelial tissue- covers the inside + outside of stomach

Question 5

What two important functions do the pancreas has

Answer 5

Makes hormones to control blood sugars + enzymes that digest food

Contains two very dif. Types of tissue

Question 6

What is an organ system

Answer 6

groups of organs that all work together to perform specific functions

Question 7

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 7

Producing bile

Question 8

Give me 4 examples of organ system

Answer 8

Circulatory
Digestive
Nervous
Excretory

Question 9

What does carbohydrates break down into and by what enzyme?

Answer 9

Sugars

Carbohydrase

Question 10

What are proteins broken down into and what enzyme?

Answer 10

Protease

Amino acids

Question 11

What are fats broken into and what enzyme?

Answer 11

Lipase

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 12

What is ingestion?

Answer 12

Taking in of food w/ help of mouth
Happens w/ help of mouth
Teeth + tongue helps churning of food + mix of saliva

Question 13

What is digestion

Answer 13

Breakdown of large insoluble particle into small soluble ones

Happens w/ help of stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver

Question 14

What is absorption?

Answer 14

Digested food particles are absorbed into the blood

Small intestine

Question 15

What is assimilation?

Answer 15

Using absorbed food for releasing energy and in body processes

In the body cells

Question 16

Egestion

Answer 16

Getting rid of undigested food materials

By rectum and anus

Question 17

What is Bile juice?

Answer 17

Green yellow ALKALINE liquid which is PRODUCED in the LIVER and STORED in the GALL BLADDER

Question 18

What are two of bile juices major functions?

Answer 18

Neutralisation

Emulsification of fats

Question 19

What is neutralisation in the body

Answer 19

food that comes out of stomach is acidic

enzymes of intestine can work in alkaline conditions

Bile neutralises food that come from stomach-makes it alkaline so enzyme released in the intestine can work effectively

Question 20

What is the emulsifications of fat?

Answer 20

For lipase to work-> fat broken down into small droplets to increase surface area for the lipase to function

Bile performs this for efficient working lipase

Question 21

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Principle source of energy

Fuel for respiration

Storage molecules

Structure molecules

Question 22

What is an example of storage molecules

Answer 22

Starch and glycogen

Question 23

What is an example of a structure molecule

Answer 23

Cellulose

Question 24

What is the 3 functions for protein

Answer 24

Components of muscles

Required for growth and repair

Components of enzymes

Hormones like insulin

Question 25

What are the 3 functions of fats

Answer 25

Insulates the body Reserve source of energy Components of cell membrane

Question 26

What are all carbohydrates made up of?

Answer 26

Units of sugar

Question 27

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

Answer 27

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 28

What is a simple sugar?

Answer 28

Small carbohydrate containing only one sugar unit

Question 29

What is the best known single sugar? | What is the chemical formula

Answer 29

Glucose C6H12O6

Question 30

What are complex carbohydrates? Give an example

Answer 30

Long chains of simple sugar units bonded together Starch Cellulose

Question 31

What are lipids

Answer 31

Fats (solids) and oils (liquid)

Question 32

Combined w other molecules, lipids are important where?

Answer 32

Cell membranes as hormones, and in nervous system

Question 33

Truth or false: lipids are insoluble in water

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 34

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 35

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 35

three molecules of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol

Question 36

In lipids, glycerol is always the ______ but the fatty acids _______

Answer 36

same Vary

Question 37

What do lipid-rich food include?

Answer 37

all oil butter, margarine, cheese, and cream

Question 38

What does the different combination of fatty acids affect?

Answer 38

Whether the lipid will be a liquid oil or a solid fat

Question 39

What are proteins used for?

Answer 39

building up the cells and tissues of the body Basis of all enzymes

Question 40

How much of your body mass is protein?

Answer 40

Between 15 and 16 percent

Question 41

Where is protein found?

Answer 41

In tissues, ranging from your hair and nails to the muscles that move you around In enzymes that control your body chemistry

Question 42

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 42

Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen

Question 43

Protein rich food include...

Answer 43

Meat fish pulses and cheese

Question 44

What is a protein molecule made up of?

Answer 44

Long chains of small units called amino acids

Question 45

There are __ different _____ _____, and they are _____ together into _____ _____ by ______ _____

Answer 45

i) 20 ii) amino acids iii) joined iv) long chains v) special bonds

Question 46

What shape are the long chains of amino acids that make up a protein

Answer 46

Folded, coiled, and twisted go make specific 3D shapes

Question 47

What enables molecules to fit into a protein

Answer 47

The 3D specific shapes from the folded, coiled and twisted amino acids

Question 48

The bonds that hold the proteins in these 3D shapes have what features?

Answer 48

v sensitive to temp and pH Can be easily broken

Question 49

What happens when the bonds that hold the proteins in these 3D shapes is broken?

Answer 49

Shape of protein is lost | May not function any more in your cells

Question 50

What is the term that describes when the shape of protein is lost?

Answer 50

The protein is denatured

Question 51

What 4 functions for proteins carry out?

Answer 51

Structural components of tissues (muscles and tendons) Hormones (insulin) Antibodies (destroy pathogens part of immune system) Enzymes (catalyst)

Question 52

In your body, what is the rate of chemical reactions controlled by?

Answer 52

Enzymes

Question 53

What are enzymes?

Answer 53

Special biological catalysts that speed up reactions

Question 54

What do enzymes do?

Answer 54

Each enzyme interacts w a particular substrate (reactant)

Question 55

Enzymes are large _____ _________

Answer 55

Protein molecules

Question 56

Why are the long chains of amino acids folded?

Answer 56

To produce a molecule with an active site that has a unique shape so it can bind to a specific substrate molecule

Question 57

The ____ of an enzyme is vital for the enzyme to ______

Answer 57

i) shape | ii) function

Question 58

What theory is a simple model of how enzyme works?

Answer 58

Lock and key theory

Question 59

What does lock and key theory involve?

Answer 59

Substrate of reaction to be catalysed -fits into the active site of the enzyme enzyme and the substrate bind together

Question 60

What happens after the enzyme and substrate bind together?

Answer 60

Reaction takes place rapidly The products are released from the surface of the enzyme.

Question 61

What is another feature enzymes can do other than break up large molecules?

Answer 61

Enzymes can join small molecules together

Question 62

TRUE OR FALSE Enzyms do change the reaction

Answer 62

False- they speed it up

Question 63

What do enzymes control

Answer 63

Metabolism

Question 64

Give me 3 ways in which different enzymes catalyse specific types of metabolic reactions

Answer 64

1) Building large molecules from lots of small ones 2) Changing one molecule into another 3) Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

Question 65

What does building large molecules from lots of smaller ones include?

Answer 65

Building starch, glycogen or cellulose from glucose Lipids from fatty acids Proteins from amino acids Plant cells- combine co2 w h2o to make glucose- uses glucose + nitrate ions to make amino acids

Question 66

What does changing one molecule into another include?

Answer 66

Changing one simple sugar into another Such as glucose to fructose And converting one amino acid into another

Question 67

What does breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules include?

Answer 67

Breaking down carbs, lipids + proteins into their constituent molecules during digestion Breaking down glucose in cellular respiration Breaking down excess amino acids to form urea, and other molecules used in respiration

Question 68

Do reactions that take place in the cell happen at relatively low or high temps?

Answer 68

Relatively low

Question 69

What temperature are most organisms are able to withstand?

Answer 69

40 degrees celsius

Question 70

What is affected after an organism reaches 40°C ?

Answer 70

Protein structure of the enzyme is affected by the high temp.

Question 71

What happens to the long amino acid chains when an enzyme is said to be denatured?

Answer 71

Begin to unravel, and as a result, the shape of the active site changes. Substrate cannot fit active site and no longer acts as a catalyst

Question 72

In which temp do most human enzymes work best?

Answer 72

37°C

Question 73

Where does the shape if the active site if an enzyme come from?

Answer 73

Forces between dif. parts of the protein molecule

Question 74

What do the forces between the different parts of the protein molecule do?

Answer 74

Holds the folded chains in place

Question 75

What affects these forces between the different parts of the protein molecule?

Answer 75

A change in pH, changes shape of molecules

Question 76

Most of your enzymes work where? Doing what?

Answer 76

Inside of cells; controlling the rate of chemical reactions

Question 77

Where do the digestive enzymes work?

Answer 77

Outside of the cells

Question 78

Where are enzymes produced?

Answer 78

By specialised cells in glands (pancreas) and in the lining of the digestive system

Question 79

What happens to the enzymes after they are produced?

Answer 79

The enzymes pass put of these cells into the digestive system itself, where they come into contact w/ food molecules

Question 80

What is your digestive system?

Answer 80

A hollow, MUSCULAR tube that squeezes your food that helps to break up your food into small pieces that have a large surface area for enzymes to work on

Question 81

What enzyme catalyses the broken down of starch?

Answer 81

Amylase

Question 82

Where is starch broken down to sugars?

Answer 82

Mouth Small intestine

Question 83

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 83

Salivary glands and pancreas

Question 84

Where does the digestion of starch start?

Answer 84

In mouth

Question 85

What catalyzes the break down of protein such as meat, fish and cheese into amino acids?

Answer 85

protease enzymes

Question 86

Where is protease produced?

Answer 86

the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

Question 87

Where does the breakdown of proteins into amino acids take place?

Answer 87

stomach and small intestine

Question 88

Where is the lipase made?

Answer 88

pancreas and small intestine

Question 89

What happens to the food molecules after theyhave been completely digested into soluble glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol?

Answer 89

They leave your small intenstine and then pass into the bloodstream to be carried around to body to the cells that need them

Question 90

What do all the 35 millions glands in the lining of your stomach secrete?

Answer 90

Pepsin- protease enzyme- digests protein you eat

Question 91

Which pH does pepsin work best at?

Answer 91

acidic

Question 92

How much litres of hydochloric acid does your stomach produce a day?

Answer 92

30

Question 93

why is it useful to have highly concentrated | hydrochloric acid in your stomach

Answer 93

Allows enzymes to work effectiviely | Kills most of the bacteria you take in w/ your food

Question 94

The stomach produces a thick layer of mucus. What is it's function?

Answer 94

coats stomach walls | protects them from being digested by the acid and enzymes

Question 95

What happens if someone has a stomach ulcer?

Answer 95

Protecting mucus is lost acid production may decrease Lining of stomach is then attacked by the acid and protein-digesting enzymes- painful