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AQA GCSE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 > B3- Organisation And The Digestive System > Flashcards

B3- Organisation And The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together

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2
Q

What is an organ

A

Collection of tissues

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3
Q

What does each organ contain?

A

Several tissues, all working together to perform a specific function

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4
Q

What tissues do the stomach contain and what are their functions

A

muscular tissue- churn food + digestive juices of stomach together

glandular tissue-produces digestive juices that break down food

Epithelial tissue- covers the inside + outside of stomach

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5
Q

What two important functions do the pancreas has

A

Makes hormones to control blood sugars + enzymes that digest food

Contains two very dif. Types of tissue

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6
Q

What is an organ system

A

groups of organs that all work together to perform specific functions

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7
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Producing bile

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8
Q

Give me 4 examples of organ system

A

Circulatory
Digestive
Nervous
Excretory

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9
Q

What does carbohydrates break down into and by what enzyme?

A

Sugars

Carbohydrase

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10
Q

What are proteins broken down into and what enzyme?

A

Protease

Amino acids

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11
Q

What are fats broken into and what enzyme?

A

Lipase

Fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking in of food w/ help of mouth
Happens w/ help of mouth
Teeth + tongue helps churning of food + mix of saliva

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13
Q

What is digestion

A

Breakdown of large insoluble particle into small soluble ones

Happens w/ help of stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver

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14
Q

What is absorption?

A

Digested food particles are absorbed into the blood

Small intestine

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15
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Using absorbed food for releasing energy and in body processes

In the body cells

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16
Q

Egestion

A

Getting rid of undigested food materials

By rectum and anus

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17
Q

What is Bile juice?

A

Green yellow ALKALINE liquid which is PRODUCED in the LIVER and STORED in the GALL BLADDER

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18
Q

What are two of bile juices major functions?

A

Neutralisation

Emulsification of fats

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19
Q

What is neutralisation in the body

A

food that comes out of stomach is acidic

enzymes of intestine can work in alkaline conditions

Bile neutralises food that come from stomach-makes it alkaline so enzyme released in the intestine can work effectively

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20
Q

What is the emulsifications of fat?

A

For lipase to work-> fat broken down into small droplets to increase surface area for the lipase to function

Bile performs this for efficient working lipase

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21
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Principle source of energy

Fuel for respiration

Storage molecules

Structure molecules

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22
Q

What is an example of storage molecules

A

Starch and glycogen

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23
Q

What is an example of a structure molecule

A

Cellulose

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24
Q

What is the 3 functions for protein

A

Components of muscles

Required for growth and repair

Components of enzymes

Hormones like insulin

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25
Q

What are the 3 functions of fats

A

Insulates the body

Reserve source of energy

Components of cell membrane

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26
Q

What are all carbohydrates made up of?

A

Units of sugar

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27
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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28
Q

What is a simple sugar?

A

Small carbohydrate containing only one sugar unit

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29
Q

What is the best known single sugar?

What is the chemical formula

A

Glucose C6H12O6

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30
Q

What are complex carbohydrates? Give an example

A

Long chains of simple sugar units bonded together

Starch

Cellulose

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31
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats (solids) and oils (liquid)

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32
Q

Combined w other molecules, lipids are important where?

A

Cell membranes as hormones, and in nervous system

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33
Q

Truth or false: lipids are insoluble in water

A

True

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34
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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35
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

three molecules of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol

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36
Q

In lipids, glycerol is always the ______ but the fatty acids _______

A

same

Vary

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37
Q

What do lipid-rich food include?

A

all oil

butter, margarine, cheese, and cream

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38
Q

What does the different combination of fatty acids affect?

A

Whether the lipid will be a liquid oil or a solid fat

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39
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

building up the cells and tissues of the body

Basis of all enzymes

40
Q

How much of your body mass is protein?

A

Between 15 and 16 percent

41
Q

Where is protein found?

A

In tissues, ranging from your hair and nails to the muscles that move you around

In enzymes that control your body chemistry

42
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen

43
Q

Protein rich food include…

A

Meat fish pulses and cheese

44
Q

What is a protein molecule made up of?

A

Long chains of small units called amino acids

45
Q

There are __ different _____ _____, and they are _____ together into _____ _____ by ______ _____

A

i) 20
ii) amino acids
iii) joined
iv) long chains
v) special bonds

46
Q

What shape are the long chains of amino acids that make up a protein

A

Folded, coiled, and twisted go make specific 3D shapes

47
Q

What enables molecules to fit into a protein

A

The 3D specific shapes from the folded, coiled and twisted amino acids

48
Q

The bonds that hold the proteins in these 3D shapes have what features?

A

v sensitive to temp and pH

Can be easily broken

49
Q

What happens when the bonds that hold the proteins in these 3D shapes is broken?

A

Shape of protein is lost

May not function any more in your cells

50
Q

What is the term that describes when the shape of protein is lost?

A

The protein is denatured

51
Q

What 4 functions for proteins carry out?

A

Structural components of tissues (muscles and tendons)

Hormones (insulin)

Antibodies (destroy pathogens part of immune system)

Enzymes (catalyst)

52
Q

In your body, what is the rate of chemical reactions controlled by?

A

Enzymes

53
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Special biological catalysts that speed up reactions

54
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Each enzyme interacts w a particular substrate (reactant)

55
Q

Enzymes are large _____ _________

A

Protein molecules

56
Q

Why are the long chains of amino acids folded?

A

To produce a molecule with an active site that has a unique shape so it can bind to a specific substrate molecule

57
Q

The ____ of an enzyme is vital for the enzyme to ______

A

i) shape

ii) function

58
Q

What theory is a simple model of how enzyme works?

A

Lock and key theory

59
Q

What does lock and key theory involve?

A

Substrate of reaction to be catalysed -fits into the active site of the enzyme

enzyme and the substrate bind together

60
Q

What happens after the enzyme and substrate bind together?

A

Reaction takes place rapidly

The products are released from the surface of the enzyme.

61
Q

What is another feature enzymes can do other than break up large molecules?

A

Enzymes can join small molecules together

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE Enzyms do change the reaction

A

False- they speed it up

63
Q

What do enzymes control

A

Metabolism

64
Q

Give me 3 ways in which different enzymes catalyse specific types of metabolic reactions

A

1) Building large molecules from lots of small ones
2) Changing one molecule into another
3) Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

65
Q

What does building large molecules from lots of smaller ones include?

A

Building starch, glycogen or cellulose from glucose

Lipids from fatty acids

Proteins from amino acids

Plant cells- combine co2 w h2o to make glucose- uses glucose + nitrate ions to make amino acids

66
Q

What does changing one molecule into another include?

A

Changing one simple sugar into another

Such as glucose to fructose

And converting one amino acid into another

67
Q

What does breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules include?

A

Breaking down carbs, lipids + proteins into their constituent molecules during digestion

Breaking down glucose in cellular respiration

Breaking down excess amino acids to form urea, and other molecules used in respiration

68
Q

Do reactions that take place in the cell happen at relatively low or high temps?

A

Relatively low

69
Q

What temperature are most organisms are able to withstand?

A

40 degrees celsius

70
Q

What is affected after an organism reaches 40°C ?

A

Protein structure of the enzyme is affected by the high temp.

71
Q

What happens to the long amino acid chains when an enzyme is said to be denatured?

A

Begin to unravel, and as a result, the shape of the active site changes. Substrate cannot fit active site and no longer acts as a catalyst

72
Q

In which temp do most human enzymes work best?

A

37°C

73
Q

Where does the shape if the active site if an enzyme come from?

A

Forces between dif. parts of the protein molecule

74
Q

What do the forces between the different parts of the protein molecule do?

A

Holds the folded chains in place

75
Q

What affects these forces between the different parts of the protein molecule?

A

A change in pH, changes shape of molecules

76
Q

Most of your enzymes work where? Doing what?

A

Inside of cells; controlling the rate of chemical reactions

77
Q

Where do the digestive enzymes work?

A

Outside of the cells

78
Q

Where are enzymes produced?

A

By specialised cells in glands (pancreas) and in the lining of the digestive system

79
Q

What happens to the enzymes after they are produced?

A

The enzymes pass put of these cells into the digestive system itself, where they come into contact w/ food molecules

80
Q

What is your digestive system?

A

A hollow, MUSCULAR tube that squeezes your food that helps to break up your food into small pieces that have a large surface area for enzymes to work on

81
Q

What enzyme catalyses the broken down of starch?

A

Amylase

82
Q

Where is starch broken down to sugars?

A

Mouth

Small intestine

83
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

84
Q

Where does the digestion of starch start?

A

In mouth

85
Q

What catalyzes the break down of protein such as meat, fish and cheese into amino acids?

A

protease enzymes

86
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

87
Q

Where does the breakdown of proteins into amino acids take place?

A

stomach and small intestine

88
Q

Where is the lipase made?

A

pancreas and small intestine

89
Q

What happens to the food molecules after theyhave been completely digested into soluble glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol?

A

They leave your small intenstine and then pass into the bloodstream to be carried around to body to the cells that need them

90
Q

What do all the 35 millions glands in the lining of your stomach secrete?

A

Pepsin- protease enzyme- digests protein you eat

91
Q

Which pH does pepsin work best at?

A

acidic

92
Q

How much litres of hydochloric acid does your stomach produce a day?

A

30

93
Q

why is it useful to have highly concentrated

hydrochloric acid in your stomach

A

Allows enzymes to work effectiviely

Kills most of the bacteria you take in w/ your food

94
Q

The stomach produces a thick layer of mucus. What is it’s function?

A

coats stomach walls

protects them from being digested by the acid and enzymes

95
Q

What happens if someone has a stomach ulcer?

A

Protecting mucus is lost
acid production may decrease
Lining of stomach is then attacked by the acid and protein-digesting enzymes- painful

AQA GCSE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (8 decks)

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