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AQA GCSE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 > B7 Non-communicable Disease > Flashcards

B7 Non-communicable Disease Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

What sort of disease were only three of the top 10 killer diseases in the world in 2012? What were they?

A

Communicable

Pneumonia, HIV/AIDS, and diarrhoeal diseases

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2
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Not infectious and affect people as a result of their genetic makeup, lifestyle + factors in their environment

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3
Q

What do risk factors for disease include?

A

Genes
Lifestyle (smoking, lack of exercise, or overeating)
Substances present in environment/body (ionising radiation, uv light from sun, second-hand tobacco smoke)

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4
Q

What are examples of risk factors for a number of non-communicable disease include?

A

Diet, obesity, fitness levels, smoking, drinking alcohol, and exposure to carcinogens

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5
Q

What does a casual mechanism explain?

A

How one factor influences another through a biological process

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6
Q

What is the impact of non-communicable disease?

A

Cost nations huge sums of money- treating ill people

Global economy- maybe affect younger, working-age populations

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7
Q

Which type of disease affects more people?

A

Non-communicable

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8
Q

When does a tumour form?

A

When control of this sequence (cell division) is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal uncontrolled way

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9
Q

What do tumour cells not respond to?

A

The normal mechanisms that control the cell cycle

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10
Q

What do tumour cells do?

A

Divide rapidly w/ very little non-dividing time for growth in between each division

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11
Q

What does cell dividing rapidly result in?

A

Mass of abnormally growing cells called a tumour

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12
Q

Whats a tumour?

A

Mass of abnormally growing cells

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13
Q

Some tumours are caused by communicable diseases. Give an example

A

Bacteria agrobacterium cterium tumefaciens can cause crown galls in plants, and the human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer

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14
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Growths of abnormal cells contained in one place

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15
Q

Where are benign tumours usually located?

A

Within a membrane

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16
Q

What do benign tumours not do?

A

Invade other parts of the body

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17
Q

What can benign tumours do?

A

Grow very large, very quickly

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18
Q

What can a benign tumour cause

A

Pressure or damage to a organ- life threatening

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19
Q

Give an example of a benign tumour being life-threatening?

A

Tumours on the brain- no extra space for them to grow into

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20
Q

What can malignant tumours do?

A

Spread around the body

Invade neighbouring healthy tissues

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21
Q

What is a malignant tumour often refereed to as?

A

Cancer aka rohan

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22
Q

What happens to a malignant tumour to form?

A

The initial tumour splits up, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system
They circulate and are carried to different parts of the body where they may lodge in another organ. Then, they continue their uncontrolled division and form secondary tumours

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23
Q

The initial _______ _____ up, releasing _______ _______ of _______ into the ________ or lymphatic system
They _______ and are ______ to different parts of the ____ where they may _____ in another ______. Then, they continue their _________ _________ and form _______ _______

A

i) tumour splits
ii) small clumps
iii) cells
iv) bloodstream
v) circulate
vi) carried
vii) body
viii) lodge
ix) organ
x) uncontrolled division
xi) secondary tumours

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24
Q

What can cancer cells do compared to normal cells?

A

Divide more rapidly than normal cells

Live longer

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25
What does the growing malignant tumour completely disrupt?
Normal tissues | If left untreated- life threatening
26
Why may a malignant tumour be difficult to treat?
Tumour is spread around the body
27
What is an example of some cancers that have a clear genetic risk factor?
Early Breast | Ovarian cancer
28
What are most cancers a result of?
Mutations
29
What are mutations
Changes in the genetic material
30
What is something that can cause a mutation and trigger formation of tumours and why?
Chemicals such as asbestos and tar found in tobacco; they are carcinogens
31
What is another aspect that can interrupt the cell cycle and cause tumours to form?
Ionising radiation such as UV light and X-rays
32
Give an example where UV light has caused malignant tumours?
Melanomas appear when there is uncontrolled growth if pigment-forming cells in the skin
33
About 15% of human cancers are caused by what?
Virus infection
34
Give an example where a virus infection caused cancer
Cervical cancer is almost always the result of infection by HPV
35
What are scientists now using to help develop new cures and use the treatments they have as effectively as possible?
DNA analysis of tumour cells
36
What does programmed cell death do?
Normally gets rid of damaged or mutated cells but in tumours
37
What is radiotherapy?
Cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation
38
What does radiotherapy do?
Stops mitosis in cancer cells
39
What is a drawback of radiotherapy
May damage healthy cells in the process
40
What is chemotherapy
Chemicals are used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or to make then ‘self destruct’
41
Chemotherapy drugs often affect what?
Other parts of the body, hair follicles ,skin cells, cells lining the stomach and blood cells as well as cancer cells
42
What does every cigarette smoked as they burn produce? And why?
Tobacco leaves burn- produce 4000 different chemicals that are inhaled in the throat, trachea and lungs At least 150 are linked to disease
43
What happens to some of the chemicals as they are inhaled
Absorbed into the bloodstream to be carried around the body and the brain
44
What is nicotine?
Addictive but relatively harmless drug found in tobacco smoke
45
Why do people smoke?
Nicotine produces a sensation of calm, well-being, and ‘being able to cope’
46
Other ____ in tobacco ____ can cause ____ and often _____ ______ to the _____ ____
``` Chemicals Smoke Lasting Fatal damage Body cells ```
47
What poisonous gas is found in tobacco smoke
Carbon monoxide- poisonous gas
48
After smoking a cigarette, what happens in terms of carbon- monoxide?
10% of blood will be carrying carbon monoxide rather than oxygen- shortage of oxygen
49
Why might it be bad for a woman to smoke when preggers
Woman- carrying oxygen for developing fetus as well as herself Fetus- may not have enough oxygen to grow properly
50
What can smoking while preggers lead to?
Premature births Low birthweight babies Still births
51
How many stillbirths are there in the UK each year
3500
52
Where is the cilia located?
Trachea and bronchi
53
What do the cilia in the trachea and bronchi do?
Move mucus, bacteria and dirt away from the lungs
54
What do some chemicals in tobacco smoke do to cilia?
Anaesthetised the cilia Cilia- stops working- dirt+pathogens down into lungs- increased risk of infections Mucus build up- coughing
55
What other toxic compounds are in tobacco smoke
Tar and carbon monoxide
56
What is tar
Sticky, BLACK, chemical that accumulates in the lungs
57
What does tar do to the lungs?
Turns them from pink to grey
58
What does tar make smokers more likely to develop?
Bronchitis- inflammation + infection of the bronchi
59
What can the build up if tar in the delicate lung tissue can lead to?
Break down in structure of the alveoli, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, reducing surface area to volume ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and even death
60
What can the break down of alveoli lead to?
Causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
61
What does COPD do to the lungs?
Reduces surface area to volume ratio of the lungs, leading to severe breathlessness and eventually death
62
Tar is also a _______
Carcinogen
63
What does tar act on?
Delicate cells of the lungs
64
What does tar greatly increase the risk of?
Lung cancer developing and other cancers of the breathing system, throat, larynx and trachea
65
What does the chemicals in tobacco smoke also affect?
Heart and blood vessels
66
What does smoking do to blood vessels?
Narrows blood vessels in skin- ageing it
67
What does nicotine do to the heart
Makes it increase
68
What do other chemicals in tobacco smoke do?
Damage the lining of the arteries
69
The mixture of chemicals also increase what? 4 pt.
Blood pressure, coronary heart disease and clot formation; cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes)
70
If you eat more food than you need...
The excess is stored as fat
71
What do you need fat for?
Cushioning internal organs | Act as an energy store
72
What can obesity lead to?
Serious health problems - high blood sugar levels, high blood pressure, heart disease
73
What does the food you eat do?
Transfers energy to your muscles as they work respiration
74
The amount of exercise affects what?
The amount of food you need
75
_____ tissue needs much more ____ to be transferred from food than body _____
Muscle Energy Fat
76
Between what percentage of your daily food intake is needed for the basic reactions to keep you alive
60 and 75%
77
About __% js needed to digest your food so only the final __-__% is affected by ______ activity
10% 15-30% physical
78
What are some casual mechanisms that explain why exercise helps to keep you healthy in terms of muscle tissue?
More muscle tissue-increased metabolic rate-less likely to be overweight-reduces risk of arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure Fitter heart-better blood supply
79
What are some casual mechanisms that explain why exercise helps to keep you healthy in terms of regular exercise
Regular exercise-lower blood cholesterol levels- balance types of cholesterol- reduces fatty deposits on coronary arteries, lowering risk of heart disease
80
What can type 2 diabetes lead to?
Problems w/ circulation, kidney function and eyesight - may lead to death
81
Type 2 diabetes get more common when?
With age, some ppl have a genetic tendency go develop it
82
What happens in type 2 diabetes? I
Doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels/ cells stop responding to insulin
83
What are risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
Genetics Overweight or obese Not doing much exercise
84
How can most people restore their normal blood glucose balance?
Balanced diet; controlled amounts of carbs, losing weight; regular exercise
85
Alcohol(ethanol) is poisonous. But why isn’t my dad dead then?
Liver can usually remove alcohol before permanent damage or death results
86
What happens after an alcoholic drink?
Ethanol- absorbed into the blood from the gut and passes easily into body tissues(including brain)
87
What does alcohol effect?
Nervous system, making thought processes, reflexes, and many reactions slower than normal
88
In small amounts, what does alcohol evoke?
Relaxed, cheerful and reduces inhibitions
89
What do large amounts of alcohol lead to?
``` Lack of self control Lack of judgement Unconsciousness Coma Death ```
90
Excessive drinking can lead to what?
Cirrhosis of the liver- disease- destroys liver tissue | Active tissue cells- replaced with scar tissues that cannot carry out vital functions
91
Alcohol is a what?
Carcinogen
92
What can long term alcohol use also cause?
Damage to brain | Brain- becomes soft and pulpy- normal brain structures are lost - can no longer function properly. This can cause death
93
What happens when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol?
Alcohol passes through placenta into the developing baby
94
What are the risks of drinking while preggers?
Miscarriage, stillbirths, premature births and low birthweight
95
Why may the brain and body of an unborn baby may be badly effected?
Developing liver cannot cope w the alcohol
96
What may the baby have when having FAS
Facial deformities Problems with teeth, jaw, kidney, liver and heart Learning+developmental problems
97
________ radiation in the form of different types of _______ ______ is a well-known carcinogen
Ionising | Electro-magnetic waves
98
Radioactive materials is a source of what?
Ionising radiation
99
What does radiation do? And what does this cause?
Penetrated cells and damages chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA
100
The more exposed you are to ionising radiation, the more...
Likely it is that mutations will occur and cancer will develop
101
When is ionising radiation particularly dangerous?
When taken directly into your body
102
Where can radioactive materials be found?
soil, water and air (including radon gas in granite-rich areas such as cornwall and the Pennines)
103
Well-known sources of ionising radiation are?
UV light from the sun Radioactive materials Medical and dental X-rays Accidents in nuclear power generation
104
What is a carcinogen?
a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

AQA GCSE BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (8 decks)

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