B3 Principles and theories of learning + peformance Flashcards
What is the cognitive stage?
lots of trial and error
so lots of mistakes
movement jerky, uncoordinated and inconsistent
lack of fluency
needs extrinsic input as lack of kinesthesis
What is the associative stage?
reduction in mistakes and trial + error
Movement becoming more fluent and consistent
Performer developing kinesthesis
Tends to be longest phase of learning and some never leave it
What is the autonomous stage?
movement fluent, accurate and habitual
little to no conscious thought about the movement
instead attention can be given to tactics and adaptations
What is reinforcement?
the process causing behaviour to reoccur by strengthening the stimulus response bond
What is positive reinforcement?
approval which increases probability of behaviour occurring
e.g. praise from a coach
applause from the crowd
What is negative reinforcement?
withdrawal of disapproval when desired behaviour prevails
e.g. coach stops shouting from the sideline when the team are playing well
What is punishment?
Disapproval/ annoyer when an undesired behaviour occurs to prevent the behaviour from reoccurring
e.g. a red card in football
What are thorndykes laws?
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness
What is the Law of Effect?
positive reinforcement increases the chances of behaviour reoccurring
What is the Law of Exercise?
in order for the bond to be strengthened it is necessary for regular practice to take place in favourable conditions
What is the Law of Readiness?
for learning to be effective, the performer has to be in the right frame of mind psychologically as well as physically prepared and capable of completing the task
What is operant conditioning?
Behavioural
connectionist/ associationist theory
manipulation of behaviour towards stimulus - structured situation to bring about desired response
behaviour shaping
trial and error
Positive and negative reinforcement used to strengthen SR bond
What is a practical example of operant conditioning?
Coach feeds shuttle high and deep
shapes behaviour by inducing smash shot
player attempts, sometimes smashing shuttle down
when player hit smash shot, coach praises them
What is the cognitive learning theory?
Insight Learning
Given whole problem
have to problem solve
involves perception + previous experiences
What are the positives of cognitive learning theory?
Insight learning
realistic, develops generic problem solving, adaptability
What are the negatives of cognitive learning theory?
overwhelming for novices, time consuming
What is observational learning?
learning by demonstration / visual guidance
modelling reinforcement
copying human behaviour - from more knowledgable other
What are the stages of observational learning?
demonstration
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
What is the process of learning in observational learning?
observation
copy/imitate
reinforcement
behavioural change
What is a learning plateau?
period/point where learning slows/stops
Why does learning plateau occur?
lack of motivation
age/stage of learning
increased challenge level
lack of appropriate/specific training - coaching = low expertise
loss of confidence
How is a learning plateau avoided?
change/improve coaching
persistence/adherence
setting achievable goals
make sure practice/training transfers to competition
What are the benefits of observational learning?
creates image of action
simple to understand for beginner
can allow learning stages
What are the negatives of observational learning?
don’t gain understanding
could learn wrong action if demo is wrong
can develop technique, not skill
