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PE - Skill Aquisition > B5 Memory Models > Flashcards

B5 Memory Models Flashcards

1
Q

What is encoding?

A

coding information so it can be stored in your memory

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2
Q

What is storage?

A

happens as a result of encoding

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3
Q

what is retrieval?

A

recovering stored information from the memory system

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4
Q

What are the components of memory?

A

Short term sensory store
selective attention
encoding
short term memory store
encoding
long term memory
retrieval

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5
Q

What happens in the short term sensory store?

A

collects all information (perception) entering body via sensory system
unlimited capacity
can only retain information for up to 1 second

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6
Q

What happens during selective attention?

A

information is prioritised and irrelevant stimuli are
discarded
allows performer to gather only important information -> speeding up decision making

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7
Q

How can a performer improve their selective attention?

A

using appropriate practice and presentation methods
highlighting specific cues on which to focus
altering the intensity of the stimulus
making the stimuli meaningful or unique

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8
Q

What is the short term memory?

A

working memory
receives filtered information and compares it to stored information from past experiences before final decision made

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9
Q

How long and how much can be stored in short term memory?

A

limited capacity of 5-9 pieces of info
can be retained for 30 seconds

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10
Q

How is short term memory put to long term memory?

A

if info is practiced and learned it is passed to long term for future reference

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11
Q

How can you improve your short term memory?

A

Chunking
chaining
selective attention

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12
Q

What is chunking?

A

information arranged into larger units or “chunks” allowing more pieces to be stored
e.g. set play in game will be remembered by single call

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13
Q

What is chaining?

A

linking together of pieces of information, as used in the progressive part method of practice
e.g. gymnast developing sequence

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14
Q

How does selective attention improve short term memory?

A

limiting amount of irrelevant information passing into STM

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15
Q

What is the long term memory?

A

permanent retention of information through repetition and rehearsal

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16
Q

What is the capacity and storage time for long term memory?

A

vast capacity
unlimited period of time

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17
Q

How can long term memory be improved?

A

improving capability of short term memory
practicing and repeating movements, causing over learning
using mental rehearsal
making info meaningful, relevant and interesting to performer

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18
Q

How is the long term memory used?

A

learned movements are stored
info encoded from STM is recognised and current + past experiences compared
successful performances are remembered or opponents strengths + weaknesses are remembered

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19
Q

What is reaction time?

A

the time it takes from receiving information to making a decision

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20
Q

What is movement time?

A

the time it takes to act on the decision

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21
Q

What is response time?

A

how long it takes from receiving a stimulus through your senses to completing your responding action
reaction time + movement time

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22
Q

What factors affect reaction time?

A

stimulus:
type (visual, auditory, touch)
intensity (size, volume, importance)
amount (numerical)

individual performer:
age, gender, competency/experience

requirements of task

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23
Q

what is simple reaction time?

A

one response to one stimulus

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24
Q

what is choice reaction time?

A

more than one response to more than one stimulus

25
What is hicks law?
more stimuli there are, the slower you react to each one
26
What is the psychological refractory period?
the delay caused by being able to process only one piece of information at a time has to respond to first stimulus before being able to process the second stimulus, therefore slowing response time
27
What is the basic information processing?
Input: stimulus identification, detecting and interpreting Process: response selection, deciding what to do Output: response programming, nervous system stimulating appropriate muscles Feedback
28
What is whitings model?
input data from display receptor systems perceptual mechanisms translatory mechanisms effector mechanisms muscular system output data feedback data
29
What is the body boundary?
internal process: perceptual, translatory, effector mechanisms
30
What is the input data from the display?
Physical environment surrounding performer various stimuli or cues utilised during info processing, performer has to select those which are relevant at time
31
What are the receptor systems?
senses that collect information from display sight, auditory, touch, balance, kinesthesis
32
What is the perceptual mechanism?
interpretation and anlaysis of info gathered from the environment involves process of filtering information: selective attention
33
what is the translatory mechanism?
decision-making; adapting and comparing coded info to memory so decisions are made
34
What are the effector mechanisms?
network of nerves that send coded impulses to muscles
35
What is the output data?
completion of selected action, movement or skill
36
What is feedback data?
internal and external feedback available to player will dictate what they do in future in similar situations
37
What is the DCR perceptual stage?
Translators mechanism Detection - important information Comparison - matching important info to info in LTM Recognition - identifies situation to previous situation, response into action
38
What is the working memory model?
Part of short term memory concerned with processing information
39
What is apart of the working memory model?
Central executive Visuospatial sketchpad Episodic buffer Phonological loop Long term memory
40
What is the central executive?
Overall control over information leaving and entering the working memory Processes all sensory information
41
What is the phonological loop?
Deals with spoken and written material Consists of two parts: Phonological store - linked to speech perception. Holds info in speech based form for 1-2 seconds Articulatory control process - linked to speech production. Used to rehearse and store verbal information from phonological store
42
What is visuospatial sketchpad?
Deals with visual and spatial information Stores and processes info in a visual or spatial form Used for navigation Displays and manipulates visual and spatial information held in LTM
43
What is the episodic buffer?
Acts as backup store which communicates with both LTM and components of working memory Links to other two subsystems and perception Allows visual and audio information to be ‘chunked together’ Holds info temporarily and is key to conscious awareness No storage capacity
44
Acts as backup store which communicates with both LTM and components of working memory Links to other two subsystems and perception Allows visual and audio information to be ‘chunked together’ Holds info temporarily and is key to conscious awareness No storage capacity
45
What is the schema theory?
Movement skills are not stored as separate motor programmes but stored in LTM as relationships or generalised movements and transferred in response to the situation
46
What are generalised movements?
A store of experiences which can be adapted in response to changing environmental conditions
47
What are the parts of the schema theory?
Recall schema Recognition schema
48
What is the recall schema?
Used to store info about production and initiation of movement Involves initial conditions and response specifications
49
What are the initial conditions?
Where am i? Position on pitch and of body parts
50
What are the response specifications?
What have I got to do? Info from environment used to assess options E.g. how far do I need to pass the ball
51
What is the recognition schema?
Control the movement and form an evaluation Involves sensory consequences and response outcome
52
What are the sensory consequences?
What does the movement feel like? Using senses to guide movement E.g. grip on golf club controlled by sense of touch
53
What is the response outcome?
What happened as a result of the movement? Memory created for next time
54
What strategies can enable a schema to develop?
Realistic and varied practice Plenty of feedback Transferable elements
55
What is anticipation?
When a sports performer tries to pre-judge a stimulus
56
What are the types of anticipation?
Temporal Spatial
57
What is temporal anticipation?
Predicting when a stimulus might happen E.g. predicting the gun at 100m start
58
What is spatial anticipation?
Predicting where/what (projected stimuli) will happen in environment to gain an advantage E.g. footballer preparing to header ball predicts where it will land and when

PE - Skill Aquisition (5 decks)

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