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M&M Test 3 > B6-068 Bone Development > Flashcards

B6-068 Bone Development Flashcards

1
Q

osteocytes maintain bone matrix/calcium homestasis via […] which regulates serum phosphate

A

FGF23

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2
Q

what germ layer generates the axial skeleton?

A

paraxial mesoderm

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3
Q

what germ layer forms the appendicular/limb skeleton?

A

parietal/somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

what germ layer forms the craniofacial bones?

A

neural crest cells

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5
Q

mesenchyme differentiates directly into osteoblasts, which form bone

A

intramembranous ossification

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6
Q

the flat bones of the skull are formed via

A

intramembranous ossification

frontal, parietal, and upper occipital

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7
Q

what bones are formed via endochondral ossification?

A

lower occipital
long bones of limbs
vertebrae
ribs
sternum

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8
Q

lengthens due to ossification that occurs at the growth plates

A

diaphysis

**contains primary ossification center

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9
Q

the primary ossification center develops in the

A

diaphysis

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10
Q

secondary ossification occurs at […]

A

two growth plates

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11
Q

the two growth plates of secondary ossification are located where?

A

between epiphyses and metaphyses

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12
Q

how does vascularization occur in endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocytes secrete MMPs to degrade ECM
blood vessels invade those new spaces and bring osteoprogenitors

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13
Q

5 zones of the epiphyseal plate

A

reserve/resting zone
proliferation zone
hypertrophic cartilage zone
zone of calcification of cartilage
zone of ossification

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14
Q

[what zone?]
chondrocytes anchor plate to osseous tissue of epiphysis

A

reserve/resting zone

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15
Q

[what zone?]
chondrocytes proliferate

A

proliferation zone

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16
Q

[what zone?]
chondrocytes increase in size; accumulate ALP

A

hypertrophic cartilage zone

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17
Q

[what zone?]
cartilaginous matrix calcifies, chondrocytes secrete MMPs and apoptose

A

zone of calcification of cartilage

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18
Q

[what zone?]
chondroclasts on diaphyseal side break down calcified cartilage and osteoblasts and replace with mineralized bone

A

zone of ossification

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19
Q

most common form of skeletal dysplasia

A

achondroplasia

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20
Q

achondroplasia is caused by a mutation in […] that affects ability of cartilage to form bone

A

FGF receptor 3

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21
Q

affects endochondral ossification resulting in short limbs, large skull, small midface, and prominent forehead

A

achondroplasia

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22
Q

90% of babies with disproportionate dwarfism have

A

achondroplasia

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23
Q

inhibits the proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of cartilage cells when activated

A

FGF receptor 3

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24
Q

a defective FGFR3 gene leads to

A

constitutive activation of FGFR3

-inhibits chondrocyte proliferation in zone of proliferation
-inhibits chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy in zone of hypertrophy
-slows ossification in zone of ossification

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25
Q

conditions of hyperpituitarism [2]

A

acromegaly
gigantism

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26
Q

caused by a severe maternal deficiency of vitamin D

A

congenital ricketts

27
Q

linked to defects in COL1A1 or COL1A2

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

28
Q

head bones that protect the brain and sensory organs

A

neurocranium

29
Q

head bones that form the face, palatal bones

A

viscerocranium

30
Q

the membranous part of the neural cranium forms the [3]

A

frontal
parietal
upper occipital

31
Q

narrow seams of connective tissues that temporarily separate flat bones of the skull

A

sutures

32
Q

wide sutures where >2 bones meet

A

fontanelle

33
Q

the sutures and fontanelles of the skull eventually close via […]

A

intramembranous ossification

34
Q

prechordal chondrocranium is derived from

A

neural crest

35
Q

chordal chondrocranium is derived from

A

paraxial mesoderm

36
Q

the prechordal and chordal cartilages of the neurocranium eventually fuse via […]

A

endochondral ossification

37
Q

the viscerocranium is formed via [….] ossification

A

intramembranous

38
Q

the viserocranium is derived from

A

neural crest

39
Q

[…] cells are vulnerable to ethanol, retinoic acid

A

neural crest

40
Q

prematures closure of sutures

A

craniosynostosis

41
Q

premature closure of the sagittal suture results in

A

long, narrow head
prominent fontal and occipital regions

42
Q

unilateral premature closure of the coronal suture

A

plagiocephaly

43
Q

plagiocephaly results in

A

asymmetric flattening of the skull

44
Q

bilateral premature closure of the coronal suture

A

brachycephaly

45
Q

brachycephaly results in

A

tall skull with flat frontal and occipital regions
skull shortening in ventral/dorsal axis

**coronal fusion

46
Q

delayed closure of fontanelles

A

cleidocranial dysostosis

47
Q

due to defect in Runx2 gene

A

cleidocranial dysostosis

48
Q

enlargement of skull bones
wide set eyes
under-developed clavicles

A

cleidocranial dysostosis

49
Q

skull fails to expand
brain fails to grow to normal size causing intellectual disabilities

A

microcephaly

50
Q

what happens after re-segmentation during vertebral column formation?

A
  1. lower and upper halves of 2 successive sclerotomes form a vertebrae
  2. myotomes bridge the discs
  3. arteries pass over vertebral bodies
  4. spinal nerves lies near IV discs and leave the vertebral column via bilateral foramina
51
Q

lateral curvature of spine

A

scoliosis

52
Q

small defects in vertebral arches but spinal cord is relatively intact
skin covers defect

A

spina bifida occulta

53
Q

vertebral arches fail to form
neural tube fails to close

A

spina bifida meningocele

54
Q

sternum depressed posteriorly

A

pectus excavatum

55
Q

anteriorly projecting sternum

A

pectus carinatum

56
Q

mesenchymal progenitors differentiate to form chondroblasts which then form chondrocytes that make a cartilage model for subsequent bone formation

A

endochondral ossification

57
Q

bulging frontal and occipital regions with long and narrow head

A

premature closure of sagittal suture

58
Q

flat frontal and occipital regions indicates premature closure of

A

coronal suture

59
Q

responsible for creating new bone from cartilage models that results in lengthening of diaphysis

A

epiphysis

60
Q

widened region of bone on both ends of long bones near the epiphysis

A

metaphysis

61
Q

mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts

A

intramembranous ossification

62
Q

during endochondral ossification, as the matrix calcifies the chondrocytes are cut off from nutrients and apoptose forming the

A

medullary cavity

63
Q

bones increase in diameter via

A

appositional growth

64
Q

appositional growth occurs beneath the

A

periosteum

M&M Test 3 (16 decks)

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