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RDS Test 2 > B8-045, B8-073 EBM Lectures > Flashcards

B8-045, B8-073 EBM Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

screening tests should have high […]

A

sensitivity

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2
Q

diagnostic tests should have high […]

A

specificity

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3
Q

[…] test identifies a patient at risk for the condition

A

screening

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4
Q

[…] test determines presence of condition

A

diagnostic

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5
Q

calculation for senstivitiy

A

true positives/ disease positives

or TP/(FN + TP)

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6
Q

calculation for specificity

A

true negative/disease negatives

or TN/(FP+TN)

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7
Q

calculation for false positive rate

A

FP/(FP+TN)

or 1-specificity

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8
Q

calculation for PPV

A

TP/Test +

or (TP/TP+FP)

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9
Q

used to define a “cut off” value for a test

A

ROC curves

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10
Q

in ROC curves, the area under the curve can be used to compare

A

different tests

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11
Q

pretest probability and likelihood ratios can be used to determine

A

post-test likelihood of disease

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12
Q

calculation for LR positive

A

sensitivity/ (1-specificity)

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13
Q

calculation for LR negative

A

(1-sensitivity)/ specificity

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14
Q

if LR = 0, the test has […] value

A

no discriminatory

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15
Q

if LR+ is greater than or equal to 10, the test has […] value

A

high diagnostic value

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16
Q

if LR- is less than or equal to 0.1, the test has […] value

A

high diagnostic value

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17
Q

cross sectional studies are good at identifying [incidence/prevalence]

A

prevalence

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18
Q

what type of study design can be used to estimate exposure/disease burden?

A

cross-sectional

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19
Q

what type of study design can quickly be used to study several exposures/disease simultaneously?

A

cross-sectional

20
Q

what type of study design can be used to compare rate of diseases between populations?

A

ecologic study

21
Q

what type of study design is efficient for rare exposures?

A

observational cohort

22
Q

what type of study design establishes temporal relationship between exposure and outcome?

A

observational cohort

23
Q

what type of study design can be used to compare aggregate data across groups?

A

ecologic studies

24
Q

relationships observed for groups are assumed to hold true for individuals

A

ecological fallacy

25
Q

subjects alter behavior when they know they are being studied

A

Hawthorne effect

26
Q

[…] bias: investigator’s evaluation is impacted by knowledge of exposure status

A

observer bias

27
Q

[…] bias: exposure and control group are not treated equally

A

procedure bias

28
Q

[…] bias: subjects provide inaccurate data

A

information bias

29
Q

[…] bias: study population not representative of intended source poplulation

A

selection bias

30
Q

the key indicator in evaluating effectiveness of a screening tool is

A

reduction in mortality

31
Q

in areas of higher prevalence, PPV is […] and NPV is […]

A

in areas of higher prevalence, PPV is [higher] and NPV is [lower]

32
Q

higher prevalence increases

A

pretest probability

33
Q

a variable other than the one being studied influences the results

A

confounding error

34
Q

a type of bias in which the patients in a study are not randomly assigned to a treatment group

A

selection bias

35
Q

selection bias can be avoided by

A

randomization

36
Q

[…] bias occurs when information is gathered at an inappropriate time in the study

A

late-look bias

(ex. sample of patients has less severe disease because those with more severe disease have died)

37
Q

[…] bias occurs when the temporal characteristics of a disease are not considered

A

lead time bias

(important to consider in screening tests, can inflate survival time due to early detection)

38
Q

[…] bias occurs when patients reports of the past are selective or exaggerated

A

recall

(common in case control studies)

39
Q

how can recall bias be reduced?

A

decreasing time from exposure to follow up

40
Q

[…] bias occurs when data outcomes are distorted by how data are gathered

A

measurement

(ex. Hawthorne effect)

41
Q

how can measurement bias be reduced?

A

placebo groups
using objective and proven methods of data collection

42
Q

the proportion of people who have a condition at one point in time

A

prevalence

43
Q

how is prevalence calculated?

A

number of individuals with illness/total population

44
Q

[…] disease prevention is preventing the actual occurrence of disease

A

primary

(ex. providing free condoms, vaccinations)

45
Q

[…] disease prevention is aimed at early detection

A

secondary

(ex. screening tests, regular BP measurements)

46
Q

[…] can help ensure appropriate external validity

A

randomization

RDS Test 2 (21 decks)

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