BACK

Question 1

The Back Consists of

Answer 1

1. skin
2. subcutaneous tissue
3. deep fascia
4. muscles
5. ligaments
6. vertebral column
7. ribs
8. spinal cord and meninges
9. segmental nerves and vessels

Question 2

levels of vertebrae

Answer 2

cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (4)
*33 in total

Question 3

Curvatures of Vertebral Column

Answer 3

1. cervical lordosis (secondary)
2. thoracic kyphosis (primary)
3. lumbar lordosis (secondary)
4. sacral kyphosis (primary)

Question 4

Scoliosis

Answer 4

abnormal curvature and rotation of vertebrae

Question 5

parts of a typical vertebra

Answer 5

1. body
2. vertebral arch (pedicles ad laminae)
3. vertebral foramen
4. spinous process
5. transverse processes
6. articular processes

Question 6

cervical vertebrae characteristics

Answer 6

Body: small, wide, concave
Foramen: triangular, large
Transverse processes: small (absent in C7)
Spinous process: bifid

Question 7

C1

Answer 7

Atlas
no spinous process or body
transverse ligament

Question 8

C2

Answer 8

dens

Question 9

thoracic vertebrae characteristics

Answer 9

Body: heart
Foramen: circular, small
Transverse processes: long, articulate with tubercle of rib
Spinous process: long

Question 10

lumbar vertebrae characteristics

Answer 10

Body: kidney, massive
Foramen: triangular, smaller than C
Transverse processes: long, slender
Spinous process: hatchet-shaped

Question 11

joints of vertebral bodies (symphyses)

Answer 11

1. annulus fibrous: ring consisting of concentric lamellae
2. nucleus pulposus: central core of IV disc
   * no IV disc between C1 and C2
3. anterior longitudinal ligament
4. posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 12

joints of vertebral arches

Answer 12

zygapophysial/facet joints

Question 13

ligaments of IV joints

Answer 13

1. ligamenta flava
2. interspinous ligaments
3. nuchal ligament

Question 14

altanto-occipitial joints (a craniovertebral joint)

Answer 14

permit nodding (neck flexion, extension)

Question 15

atlanto-axisl joints

Answer 15

1. L and R lateral atlanto-axial joints

2. median atlanto-axial joint

Question 16

movements of vertebral column

Answer 16

1. lateral flexion/extension (frontal)
2. flexion/extension (median saggital)
3. rotation of neck and upper trunk

Question 17

range of movement in vertebral column is limited by

Answer 17

1. thickness, elasticity, compressibility of IV discs
2. shape and orientation of articular facets
3. tension of joint capsules
4. resistance of back muscles on ligaments
5. attachment to thoracic rib cage
6. bulk of surrounding tissues

Question 18

movement in neck is free because

Answer 18

1. IV discs are thick
2. articular surfaces of zygapophysial joints are larder and joint planes almost horiztonal
3. joint capsules of zygapophysial joints are loose
4. neck is relatively slender

Question 19

spinal cord length

Answer 19

begins at medulla oblongata

ends at conus medullaris

Question 20

spinal cord enlarged in 2 regions for innervation of limbs

Answer 20

1. cervical enlargement: C4-T1

2. lumbosacral enlargement: L1-S3

Question 21

Cauda equina

Answer 21

spinal nerve roots arising from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

Question 22

how many spinal nerves

Answer 22

31 pairs
8 Cervical 
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

Question 23

lumbar cistern

Answer 23

subarachnoid space in the dural sac

Question 24

spinal meninges

Answer 24

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater surrounding spinal cord

Question 25

spinal meninges purpose

Answer 25

meninges and CSP surround, support, protect spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

Question 26

spinal dura mater

Answer 26

outer most covering membrane of spinal cord

Question 27

spinal arachnoid mater

Answer 27

encloses subarachnoid space

Question 28

subarachnoid space

Answer 28

- between arachnoid mater and pia mater - filled with CSF - contains spinal cords, nerve roots, spinal ganglia

Question 29

spinal pia mater

Answer 29

innermost covering membrane of spinal cord

Question 30

superficial extrinsic back muscles

Answer 30

1. trapezius 2. latissimus dorsi 3. levator scapulae 4. rhomboids

Question 31

intermediate extrinsic back muscles

Answer 31

- serratus posterior superior and inferior | - proprioceptive rather than motor in function

Question 32

intrinsic mack muscles

Answer 32

- maintain posture - control movements of vertebral column - enclosed by deep fascia

Question 33

superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles

Answer 33

- splenius muscles - lie on lateral and posterior aspects of the neck - splenion=bandage - arise from spenius cervicis and splenius capitis

Question 34

splenius cervicis

Answer 34

cervical vertebrae

Question 35

splenius capitis

Answer 35

cranium

Question 36

intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles

Answer 36

1. erector spinae muscles | 2. erector spinae

Question 37

erector spinae divides into

Answer 37

1. iliocostalis (lateral column) 2. longissimus (intermediate column) 3. spinalis (medial column)