Back Prblemso

Question 1

Kyphosis

Answer 1

Increased thoracic curvature

Question 2

Would erosion or fracture of the anterior part of a vertebrae cause a lordosis or kyphosis

Answer 2

Kyphosis

Question 3

How can osteoporosis cause kyphosis

Answer 3

Anterior wedging of vertebrae

Question 4

Kyphoplasty

Answer 4

Vertebroplasty to treat kyphosis

Question 5

Vertebroplasty

Answer 5

Percutaneous procedure to insert bone cement into a fractured or collapsed vertebrae to provide pain relief and prevent further collapse

Question 6

Sheuermanns disease

Answer 6

Adolescent condition causing vertebral wedging and kyphosis due to effected epiphyseal growth plates

Question 7

What are smorls nodes and what condition are they associated with

Answer 7

nucleolus polposus herniates downwards or upwards into the adjacent vertebrae through the vertebral endplate
Scheuermanns

Question 8

Sheuermans disease symptoms

Answer 8

Pain - nerve impingement
Difficulty breathing - restricted chest expansion

Question 9

Normal age range for scheuermanns disease diagnosis

Answer 9

12-17yrs

Question 10

Scheuermanns disease treatment

Answer 10

Physio to incr paraspinals strength
Bracing
Surgery

Question 11

When is surgery used to treat scheuermanns disease

Answer 11

Curve 65*+
Intractable pain
Neuro issues

Question 12

Does anterior rotation of the pelvis cause a kyphosis or lordosis

Answer 12

Lordosis

Question 13

Weakness in which muscles are associated with lordosis

Answer 13

Trunk muscles
Hip flexors
Abdominal

Question 14

Which spinal curvature can develop in pregnancy and obesity

Answer 14

Lordosis

Question 15

How can lordosis cause back pain

Answer 15

Impinge spinal nerves

Question 16

Shortening and tightness in which muscles is associated with lordosis

Answer 16

psoas
Thoracolumbar fascia
Erector spinae
Hamstrings
Gluteals

Question 17

Why may people with lordosis have bent knees and angled femurs

Answer 17

Move body weight backwards

Question 18

Flat back syndrome

Answer 18

vertebral column pulled flat due to tilted pelvis

Question 19

Muscle and postural affects of flat back syndrome

Answer 19

Tight intercostal muscles
Tight hamstrings
Weak hip flexors
Knees flexed
Hips flexed
Head foreward

Question 20

Scoliosis

Answer 20

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine usually with rotation of vertebrae

Question 21

Which hormones may be involved in scoliosis

Answer 21

Oestrogen
Relaxin

Question 22

Does scoliosis cause an apparent or true leg length discrepancy

Answer 22

Apparent due to tilted pelvis

Question 23

Scoliosis treatment

Answer 23

Brace 20-40*
Vertebral fusion 50+
Harrington rods 50+

Question 24

What degree of curvature is treated surgically in scoliosis

Answer 24

50*+

Question 25

Spinal changes with age

Answer 25

Osteophytes and syndesmophytes Loss of disc height Loss or incr curves Spinal stenosis Ossification of vertebral ligaments

Question 26

Syndesmophytes

Answer 26

bony outgrowths from the spinal ligaments as they attach to adjacent vertebral bodies

Question 27

What type of joint is an IVD

Answer 27

Cartilaginous/ symphysis

Question 28

2 parts of IVD

Answer 28

nucleus polposus Annulus fibrosus

Question 29

What causes decrease in IVD height after 30yrs

Answer 29

Nucleus polposus dries out

Question 30

2 Most common locations of herniated or prolapsed IVDs

Answer 30

L4/L5 L5/S1

Question 31

Where is pain felt as a result of a herniated IVD

Answer 31

Along distribution of nerve route compressed by nucleus polposus

Question 32

Cauda equine syndrome

Answer 32

Serious neurological condition caused by compression of the nerve roots forming the cauda equina usually due to IVD herniation

Question 33

Cauda equine syndrome symtoms

Answer 33

Lower back pain Unilateral or bilateral sciatica Saddle and perineal hypothesis or anaesthesia Bowel/bladder disturbance Lower extremity motor weakness and sensory defecits Decr/absent lower extremity reflexes

Question 34

Saddle anaesthesia

Answer 34

loss of sensation in the buttocks, perineum and inner surfaces of the thighs

Question 35

Cauda equina treatment

Answer 35

Discetomy Laminectomy

Question 36

Burst fracture

Answer 36

Vertebrae breaks in multiple directions and shards may penetrate surrounding tissues

Question 37

Where can blood collect and haematomas form due to vertebrae fractures

Answer 37

Into nucleus polposus

Question 38

How can Osteophytes affect the vertebral arteries

Answer 38

Block or compress the vertebral foramen causing compression or bending of the vertebral arteries

Question 39

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

Answer 39

Ossification of anterior longitudinal ligament and tissues around spine

Question 40

Does diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis cause Osteophytes

Answer 40

Yes but not always

Question 41

How does diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis effect IVD height

Answer 41

No effect

Question 42

How does diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis effect the sacroiliac joint

Answer 42

No effect

Question 43

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 43

Chronic progressive inflammatory disorder mainly effecting the joints of the spine and axial skeleton

Question 44

What age group does Ankylosing spondylitis effect and is it more common in males or females

Answer 44

19-25yrs Male

Question 45

Effects of alkylosing spondylitis

Answer 45

Bamboo spine Narrowing and stenosis of sacroiliac joints Sclerosis and ankylosis of vertebral bodies

Question 46

Does ankylosing spondylosis effect disc height

Answer 46

No

Question 47

Bamboo spine

Answer 47

complete fusion of the bones of the spine, turning the spinal column into one long bone, resembling a bamboo stalk Caused by ankylosing spondylitis

Question 48

Which antigen is linked to Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 48

HLA B27

Question 49

How does HLA B27 effect the gut

Answer 49

Influences gut flora favouring pathogenic bacteria Predisposes to leaky gut -> inflammatory reactions

Question 50

Why does antibiotic therapy prevent spondylitis and colitis

Answer 50

Combats pathogenic Git flora favoured by HLA B27

Question 51

Which joints in the vertebral column are synovial

Answer 51

Zygapophysial joints C1/C2 pivot joint

Question 52

Subluxation

Answer 52

Partial dislocation of a joint

Question 53

Which part of the spine is most commonly effected by RA

Answer 53

Cervical spine

Question 54

How does RA affect spine

Answer 54

Subluxations Compression of vertebral arteries Pannus invades IVD

Question 55

Which joint most commonly undergoes subluxation in RA

Answer 55

Atlantoaxial joint