Fractures And Bone Healing

Question 1

Most common types of fractures in over and under 75s

Answer 1

Over 75s hip
Under 75s Colles + Colles like wrist

Question 2

Difference between closed and open fractures

Answer 2

Closed bone fragments don’t pierce skin
Open/compound fragments pierce skin

Question 3

Difference between displaced and undisplaced fractures

Answer 3

Displaced bone pieces out of anatomical alignment

Question 4

What type of fractures are formed by bending forces on bone

Answer 4

Transverse
Greenstick

Question 5

Which type of fracture is caused by compression forces on bone

Answer 5

Impacted
Torus
Crush

Question 6

Types of fracture

Answer 6

Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Segmental
Avulsed
Impacted
Torus
Greenstick

Question 7

Which fracture types are only in children

Answer 7

Greenstick
Torus

Question 8

What causes shortening in femur fractures

Answer 8

Quads pull bone fragments

Question 9

What type of blood supply does the scaphoid bone have

Answer 9

Retrograde

Question 10

Why does a scaphoid fracture have a risk of avascular necrosis

Answer 10

Retrograde blood supply can be disrupted by fracture cutting off blood to fragment

Question 11

Why is there bad blood supply to the scaphoid

Answer 11

Almost surrounded by joint fluid

Question 12

What causes spiral or oblique fractures

Answer 12

Twisting force transmitted through limb from a distance

Question 13

What type of force causes transverse fractures

Answer 13

Directly applied force

Question 14

What causes compression/crush fractures

Answer 14

Compression in cancellous bone

Question 15

What causes burst fractures

Answer 15

Strong direct pressure in short bones

Question 16

Most common site of burst fractures

Answer 16

Thoracic lumbar junction

Question 17

Avulsion fracture

Answer 17

Bone fragment torn off by tendon or ligament

Question 18

What causes avulsion fractures

Answer 18

Traction

Question 19

Subluxation

Answer 19

Partial dislocation

Question 20

Impacted fracture

Answer 20

Bone fragments pushed into each other

Question 21

Comminuted fracture

Answer 21

Bone broken into >2 fragments

Question 22

2 types of stress fractures

Answer 22

Fatigue fracture
Insufficiency fracture

Question 23

Difference between fatigue fractures and insufficiency fractures

Answer 23

Fatigue caused by abnormal stress on normal bone
Insufficiency caused by normal stress on abnormal bone
Both types of stress fracture

Question 24

Are fractures visible on bone scintigraphy before or after plain films

Answer 24

Same time or before

Question 25

Bone scintigraphy

Answer 25

nuclear medicine imaging technique of the bone

Question 26

Why are MRI scans usually not useful for bones and when are they useful

Answer 26

Bones too dry Useful during inflammation

Question 27

Torus fracture

Answer 27

Child Bone crumples, buckles, or bulges as more soft than adult bone

Question 28

What is the adult version of a torus fracture

Answer 28

Impact

Question 29

Greenstick fracture

Answer 29

Child bone bends without fracturing completely as more soft than adult bones

Question 30

What is the adult version of Greenstick fractures and torus fractures

Answer 30

Greenstick - Transverse Torus - impact

Question 31

What may fractures of the epiphyseal growth plate interfere with

Answer 31

Growth

Question 32

What classification is used for epiphyseal growth plate fractures

Answer 32

Salter Harris classification

Question 33

Salter Harris classification classes of epiphyseal growth plate fractures

Answer 33

Type 1 - complete physeal fracture with/without displacement Type 2 - physeal fracture extends through metaphysis making chip Type 3 - physalis fracture extends through epiphysis Type 4 - physeal fracture extends through epiphysis and metaphysis Type 5 - compression fracture of growth plate

Question 34

4 stages of bone healing

Answer 34

Fracture haematoma Fibrocartilaginous callus Bony callus Bone remodelling

Question 35

Fracture haematoma stage of bone healing

Answer 35

Blood from vessels forms clot Swelling and inflammation from dead bone cells

Question 36

How long after a fracture for a fracture haematoma to form

Answer 36

6-8hrs

Question 37

Fibrocartilaginous callus stage of bone healing

Answer 37

Capillaries organise fracture haematoma into procallus -> fibroblasts and osteogenic cells invade procallus -> make collagen fibres which connect bone ends -> chondroblasts start to produce fibrocartilage

Question 38

What is a procallus made of and what stage of bone healing does it form during

Answer 38

Granulation tissue Fibrocartilaginous callus stage

Question 39

How long does the Fibrocartilaginous callus last

Answer 39

3wks

Question 40

What happens in the bony callus stage of bone healing

Answer 40

Osteoblasts make woven bone

Question 41

What type of bone forms the bony callus

Answer 41

Woven

Question 42

How long does the bony callus last

Answer 42

3-4 months

Question 43

What happens in the bone remodelling stage of bone healing

Answer 43

Osteoclasts remodel woven bone to compact bone and trabecular bone