Bacteria & Archaea Terms

Question 1

Koch’s Postulates 1

Answer 1

the microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent in healthy individuals

Question 2

Koch’s Postulates 2

Answer 2

the microbe must be isolated in grown in pure culture

Question 3

Koch’s Postulates 3

Answer 3

Injection of the microbe (from the pure culture) into a healthy animal should cause the disease symptoms to appear

Question 4

Koch’s Postulates 4

Answer 4

the microbe should be isolatable again from the disease animal and shown to be identical in size, shape, and color to the original microbe

Question 5

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) argued that “germs” were the cause of human disease

Answer 5

Germ Theory

Question 6

Bacteria can live on mucilage substrate to form colonies

Answer 6

Biofilms

Question 7

Tooth decay is the result of chemical produced by

Answer 7

bacteria

Question 8

plaque consists of ____________ and _____________

Answer 8

bacteria; mucilage

Question 9

Only ________ species of bacteria and archaea have been named and described

Answer 9

5000

Question 10

How many species of bacteria live in the human digestive tract?

Answer 10

over 400

Question 11

how many species of bacteria live in the lining of the human stomach?

Answer 11

about 128

Question 12

how many species of bacteria live in the human mouth?

Answer 12

approximately 500

Question 13

Penicillin mode of action

Answer 13

prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main wall polymer of bacteria; pre-existing cells are unaffected but all newly produced cells grow abnormally, unable to maintain their wall rigidity, and they are susceptible to osmotic lysis

Question 14

Introduction of live “friendly” bacteria into a patient’s digestive tract

Answer 14

Probiotics

Question 15

infusions of human fecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic constipation

Answer 15

bacteriotherapy

Question 16

ecological importance of bacteria

Answer 16

-co-exist with other organisms just as they do with us
-many amphibian species have natural bacteria that fight off fungal infections
-decomposition & dentrification

Question 17

stage 1of bioremediation

Answer 17

fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds

Question 18

stage 2 of bioremediation

Answer 18

“seeding” or adding specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites

Question 19

lack a nucleus

Answer 19

prokaryotes

Question 20

have a nucleus

Answer 20

eukaryotes

Question 21

prokaryotes are a ________________ group

Answer 21

paraphyletic

Question 22

common features of prokaryotes (bacteria + archaea)

Answer 22

-absence of a nucleus, membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeleton
-unicellularity
-presence of DNA, RNA, enzymes to transcribe and translate genetic code into protein
-binary fission vs. mitosis

Question 23

bacteria is a ____________ clade

Answer 23

monophyletic

Question 24

shared traits for bacteria

Answer 24

-circular DNA molecule; not in nucleus
-no membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles
-no cytoskeleton
-no mitosis, nistead fission

Question 25

thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell walls

Answer 25

Gram positive

Question 26

thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell walls

Answer 26

Gram negative

Question 27

Evidence that Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related than bacteria

Answer 27

"Signature" rRNA sequence found in all tested Archaea and Eukarya and no Bacteria

Question 28

frequently live in extreme habitats -extreme salinity, low oxygen, high temps, high or low pH

Answer 28

Archaea

Question 29

Synapomorphies for Archaea

Answer 29

-absence of peptidoglycan in cell walls -many unique genes -unique lipids in cell membrane

Question 30

Habitat of Archaea

Answer 30

-hot (thermophilic) -acidic (acidophilic) -animal guts (anaerobic methanogens)

Question 31

thermophilic and acidophilic; Yellowstone hot springs

Answer 31

Crenarchaeota

Question 32

some are methanogens; others halophilic, thermophilic, Deep Ocean Vents

Answer 32

Euryarchaeota

Question 33

abundant in oceans, mesophilic

Answer 33

Thaumarchaeota

Question 34

Some found in hot springs

Answer 34

Korarchaeota

Question 35

Parasite of another archaea

Answer 35

Nanoarchaeota

Question 36

-low GC Gram positive -most are coccus and bacillus shaped -some members are extremely common in human gut -some members used to ferment dairy products

Answer 36

firmicutes

Question 37

-high GC Gram positive -share similar structures to fungus (mycelia) - originally classified as Actinomyces -streptomyces genus is a huge source of antibiotics used in medicine today

Answer 37

Actinobacteria

Question 38

-distinguished by their corkscrew shape and flagella (whip like tail) -both syphilis and Lyme disease are caused by this bacteria

Answer 38

spirochaetes

Question 39

-coccus shaped -all known species are parasitic -STD chlamydia is from this group

Answer 39

Chlamydiae

Question 40

-also 'purple bacteria' -mitochondria of eukaryotes derived from species of this group -diverse metabolically -E. coli, Rhizobium, Vibria cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium

Answer 40

Proteobacteria

Question 41

-blue-green bacteria (also formerly "blue-green algae") -photosynthetic -single cells or colonies

Answer 41

cyanobacteria