Exam 1 Terms

Question 1

refers to an organism’s physical structure or form

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

study of how the physical structures in an organism function

Answer 2

physiology

Question 3

study of anatomy and physiology is the study of _______________

Answer 3

adaptations

Question 4

traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than individuals that lack those traits

Answer 4

heritable traits

Question 5

inescapable compromises between traits

Answer 5

trade-offs

Question 6

genetic change in a population in response to natural selection exerted by the environment

Answer 6

adaptation

Question 7

phenotypic change that occurs in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations

Answer 7

acclimatization

Question 8

refers to changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory

Answer 8

acclimation

Question 9

consists of root and shoot systems

Answer 9

plant body

Question 10

anchors the plant and takes in water and nutrients from the soil

Answer 10

root system

Question 11

harvests light and CO_2 from the atmosphere to produce sugars

Answer 11

shoot system

Question 12

form that change with environmental conoditions

Answer 12

phenotypic plasticity

Question 13

roots that grow from the shoot system

Answer 13

adventitious

Question 14

location where leaves are attached

Answer 14

nodes

Question 15

segments between nodes

Answer 15

internodes

Question 16

form at nodes just above the site of leaf attachment

Answer 16

axillary buds

Question 17

modified stems that grow horizontally aboveground, producing adventitious roots and leaves at each node

Answer 17

stolons

Question 18

stems that grow horizontally below ground and function in asexual reproduction

Answer 18

rhizomes

Question 19

underground, swollen rhizomes that function as carbohydrate-storage organs

Answer 19

tubers

Question 20

modified stems that protect plants

Answer 20

thorns

Question 21

leaf that has two main structures - an expanded blade and a stalk called a petiole

Answer 21

simple leaf

Question 22

leaf in which the blade is divided into a series of leaflets

Answer 22

compound leaf

Question 23

have relatively small surface area, reducing water loss in areas of the body where light is abundant

Answer 23

sun leaves

Question 24

relatively large and broad, providing a high surface area to maximize photon absorption

Answer 24

shade leaves

Question 25

store nutrients

Answer 25

onion bulbs

Question 26

store water

Answer 26

leaves of succulents

Question 27

enable vines to climb

Answer 27

tendrils

Question 28

attract pollinators

Answer 28

bright red leaves of poinsettias

Question 29

trap insects

Answer 29

tubelike leaves of pitcher plants trap insects

Question 30

protect the stem

Answer 30

cactus spines

Question 31

site of photosynthesis

Answer 31

chloroplasts

Question 32

contain an aqueous solution called cell sap and store waste, water, and nutrients

Answer 32

vacuoles

Question 33

connects plant cells

Answer 33

plasmodesmata

Question 34

consist of a single cell type

Answer 34

simple tissues

Question 35

contain several types of cells

Answer 35

complex tissues

Question 36

three tissue systems found in plants

Answer 36

-dermal tissue system -ground tissue system -vascular tissue system

Question 37

group of similar cells that work together as a unit to perform the same function

Answer 37

tissue

Question 38

four types of animal tissue

Answer 38

-connective -nervous -muscle -epithelial

Question 39

secrete a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss and protect against pathogens to protect the surface of the plant

Answer 39

epidermal cells

Question 40

surrounded by two specialized guard cells, which change shape to open and close the stoma in order to regulate gas exchange and water loss

Answer 40

stomata

Question 41

hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells that perform various functions: keep the plant's surface cool by reflecting sunlight, reduce water loss, provide barbs and toxins to protect them from herbivores, and trap and digest herbivores

Answer 41

trichomes

Question 42

complex tissue made up of three distinct tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma; most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage takes place here

Answer 42

ground tissue system

Question 43

simple tissue that consists of "workhouse" cells; primary site of photosynthesis in leaves & store starch granules in roots

Answer 43

parenchyma

Question 44

simple tissue that functions primarily in shoot support; provide flexible structural support to actively growing parts of the plant

Question 45

complex tissue with two types of cells: elongated fibers and short sclereids with variable shapes that function to support stems and other structures after growth has ceased

Answer 45

sclerenchyma

Question 46

made up of two complex tissues: zylem and phloem

Answer 46

vascular tissue system

Question 47

conducts water and dissolved nutrients from the root system to the shoot system

Answer 47

xylem

Question 48

contains pits through which water moves

Answer 48

tracheids

Question 49

contains perforations for water transport

Answer 49

vessel elements

Question 50

conducts sugars, amino acids, hormones, and other substances from roots to shoots and from shoots to roots

Answer 50

phloem

Question 51

long, thin cells with perforated ends called sieve plates

Answer 51

sieve-tube elements