Exam 3 Terms

Question 1

Widespread use as insecticide

Answer 1

DDT

Question 2

What % of all amphibians are threatened with extinction

Answer 2

33%

Question 3

species found only in a particular region

Answer 3

Endemic Species

Question 4

number 1 reason for biodiversity loss

Answer 4

habitat destruction / degradation

Question 4

causes for biodiversity loss

Answer 4

-habitat destruction/degradation
-direct exploitation
-introduced species
-disease

Question 5

loss of this species causes loss of a lot of other species (large impact on environment

Answer 5

keystone species

Question 6

study of all of the complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions for the struggle for existence

Answer 6

Ecology

Question 7

Oikos

Answer 7

home

Question 8

ology

Answer 8

knowledge

Question 9

near equator

Answer 9

tropics

Question 10

a little further from equator

Answer 10

subtropic

Question 11

further up or down from equator, variations in temperatures and seasons

Answer 11

temperate

Question 12

never thaws; very little vegetation

Answer 12

permafrost

Question 13

bottom

Answer 13

benthic zone

Question 14

light can penetrate

Answer 14

photic zone

Question 15

as depths increase light can no longer penetrate

Answer 15

aphotic zone

Question 16

leaf zone (close to shore)

Answer 16

littoral zone

Question 17

zone that has a no light zone (lake zone)

Answer 17

limnetic zone

Question 18

deep enough to have an area where there’s no light

Answer 18

lake

Question 19

no salt

Answer 19

freshwater

Question 20

mix between salt and no saltwater

Answer 20

estuary

Question 21

between high tide and low tide

Answer 21

intertidal zone

Question 22

light penetrates farther in ___________ than in ____________

Answer 22

freshwater; seawater

Question 23

responsible for oxygen production

Answer 23

phytoplankton

Question 24

dolphins, sharks, etc

Answer 24

nekton

Question 25

not flowing (lakes)

Answer 25

lentic

Question 26

flowing (streams and rivers)

Answer 26

lotic

Question 27

'how' explanation - signal triggers response

Answer 27

Proximate

Question 28

'why' explanation - behavior increases fitness (passing on one's genes)

Answer 28

Ultimate

Question 29

Fixed Action Pattern

Answer 29

innate behavior

Question 30

Behavior is often a mix of __________ and __________

Answer 30

innate; learned

Question 31

maximizes its benefits and minimizes the cost; based on personality condition, proximity, size and aggressiveness of individuals

Answer 31

optimality

Question 32

SLOSS

Answer 32

Single Large Or Several Small

Question 33

With increasing biodiversity there is increased ecosystem function. This is an example of the

Answer 33

Diversity-Stability Hypothesis

Question 34

proposes that an animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible with the least expenditure of energy

Answer 34

Optimal foraging

Question 35

Members of one sex compete with partners with the winner performing most of the matings

Answer 35

Intrasexual

Question 36

Membre of one sex chooses mate based on particular characteristics

Answer 36

Intersexual

Question 37

individuals mate with more than one partner (often single parental care)

Answer 37

polygamy

Question 38

each individual mates exclusively with one partner

Answer 38

monogomy

Question 39

polygyny

Answer 39

one male mates with many females

Question 40

polyandry

Answer 40

one female mates with many males

Question 41

Hamilton's rule

Answer 41

Br > C (Benefits * relatedness > Costs) -

Question 42

Hamilton’s rule states that altruistic behavior is most likely when three conditions are met

Answer 42

-The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient. -The altruist and recipient are close relatives. -The fitness costs to the altruist are low.

Question 43

Derived from an individual's own offspring

Answer 43

Direct fitness

Question 44

Derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could than they could produce on their own

Answer 44

Indirect fitness

Question 45

Combination of direct and indirect fitness

Answer 45

inclusive fitness

Question 46

natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives and results in increased indirect fitness

Answer 46

Kin selection

Question 47

Exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time

Answer 47

Reciprocal altruism

Question 48

what determines the success of a species?

Answer 48

-how widely distributed it is -how abundant it is

Question 49

the benefit at excelling in one thing comes at the expense of another

Answer 49

Trade-offs

Question 50

number of offspring per individual

Answer 50

Fecundity

Question 51

How long an individual lives

Answer 51

Survivorship

Question 52

one group following through time

Answer 52

cohort

Question 53

high rate per capita population growth, r; but poor competitive ability

Answer 53

r-selected species

Question 54

more or less stable in populations; adapted to exist at or near carrying capacity, K; lower reproductive rate, but better competitors

Answer 54

K-selected species

Question 55

rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life

Answer 55

Type I survivorship curve

Question 56

fairly uniform death rate

Answer 56

Type II survivorship curve

Question 57

rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors

Answer 57

Type III survivorship curve

Question 58

Exponential Growth

Answer 58

dN/dt = rN -dN/dt is change in population size over time -N is population size -r is intrinsic rate of growth(can be estimated from life history table)

Question 59

Logistic Growth

Answer 59

dN/dt = rN(K-N/K) -K = Carrying capacity (how many individuals a habitat can support)

Question 60

What a population is capable of using (types of food, habitat)

Answer 60

Fundamental niche

Question 61

what a population actually utilizes

Answer 61

Realized niche

Question 62

Shifting of closely related traits due to competitive interactions

Answer 62

Character Displacement

Question 63

Number of species

Answer 63

Species Richness

Question 64

Number of individuals / species

Answer 64

Species Abundance

Question 65

combines both richness and abundance

Answer 65

Shannon diversity index

Question 66

Diversity at a particular site

Answer 66

Alpha diversity

Question 67

Diversity between sites

Answer 67

Beta diversity

Question 68

combines both alpha and beta diversity

Answer 68

Gamma diversity

Question 69

Antipredator strategies

Answer 69

-chemical defense -cryptic coloration -mimicry -displays of intimidation -fighting and defense (horns/antlers)

Question 70

Abiotic factors

Answer 70

-soil, climate, atmosphere, and the particular matter and solutes in water -precipitation and temperature

Question 71

NPP per unit area

Answer 71

How much energy is being produced by plants

Question 72

movement of energy through the ecosystem

Answer 72

Energy flow

Question 73

linear depiction of energy flow

Answer 73

food chain

Question 74

each feeding level in a chain

Answer 74

trophic level

Question 75

amount of energy at one trophic level that is acquired by the trophic level above and incorporated into biomass (averages around 10% with much variation)

Answer 75

Trophic-level transfer efficiency