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Ruminant Medicine > Bacterial neurological diseases > Flashcards

Bacterial neurological diseases Flashcards

1
Q

List some bacterial diseases affecting the neurological system

A
  1. Listeriosis
  2. Anthrax
  3. Tetanus
  4. Botulism
  5. Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
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2
Q

What species cause listeriosis?

A

MAINLY LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

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3
Q

When does listeriosis most commonly occur?

A

At the end of winter or beginning of spring when the animals have a reduced immunity

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4
Q

How is listeriosis transmitted?

A
  • Food contamination
  • Congenital infection of offspring - aspiration of infected amniotic fluid
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5
Q

In what secretions may you find listeria?

A
  • Urine
  • Milk
  • Genital discharge
  • Foetal faeces
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6
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of listeriosis

A
  1. Reaches the organs via the lymphatic and haematogenous routes
  2. Goes to the CNS and genital organs
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7
Q

What are the different forms of listeriosis?

A
  1. Septicaemic form
  2. Encephalitic form
  3. Abortive form
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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of the septicaemic form?

A
  • Weakness
  • Inappetence
  • Fever
  • Serous ocular and nasal discharge
  • Offspring die within 24-48 hours of lung oedema and diarrhoea
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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of the encephalitis form?

A
  • Stiff gait and twisting movements
  • Circling
  • Head pressing
  • Paralysis of throat and facial muscles
  • Unilateral limb paralysis and swimming movements
  • Coma and death within 3-10 days
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10
Q

How do we diagnose listeriosis?

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. PM lesions
  3. Microscopy - gram staining (G+)
  4. Culture - blood agar
  5. PCR or ELISA
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11
Q

How do we treat listeriosis?

A
  1. ATB treatment
    1. Penicillin and tetracycline
    2. Ampicillin
    3. Gentamycin
    4. Ceftofur
    5. Erythromycin
    6. TMPS
  2. Dexamethasone
  3. Electrolyte therapy
  4. Supplemental feeding
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12
Q

What is the aetiological agent of tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

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13
Q

How is tetanus transmitted?

A

Inoculation into deep skin wounds from contaminated soil or pasture (spores)

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14
Q

What toxins are produced in tetanus?

A
  1. Tetanospasmin
  2. Tetanolysin
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15
Q

What does tetanospasmin do?

A
  • Neurotoxin that attacks the nervous system and provokes stroke spasms in striated muscle
  • Ascending paralysis
  • Blocks release of GABA and gylcine
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16
Q

What does tetanolysin do?

A

Necrotising haemolysin causing tissue lysis

17
Q

What are the clinical signs of tetanus?

A
  • Lockjaw
  • Rigidity
  • Spasms of skeletal muscle
  • Protrusion of third eyelid
  • Dilated nostrils
  • Unsteady gait
  • Sawhorse stance
  • Collapse and death
18
Q

How do we treat tetanus?

A
  • High doses of IV ATB
    • Metronidazole
  • Tetanus anti-toxin
  • Sedatives
  • Muscle relaxants
  • Cleaning with H2O2
  • Surgical debridement of wound
19
Q

What causes botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

20
Q

How is botulism transmitted?

A
  • Ingestion of toxins
  • Inoculation of skin wound
  • Inhalation
21
Q

Waht is the pathogenesis of botulism?

A
  • Toxin production - exotoxin
  • Release of neurotoxins B, C and D
  • Inhibits release of ACh from pre-synaptic nerve endings at neuromuscular junctions
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of botulism?

A
  • Incoordination
  • Paralysis of tongue
  • Hypersalivation and dysphagia
  • Sternal recumbency
  • Muscle tremors
  • Inability to stand
  • Death due to respiratory and cardiac muscle paralysis
23
Q

How do we treat botulism?

A

MUST OCCUR BEFORE TOXIN ADHERES TO MOTOR END PLATE

  • Anti-toxin serotherapy
  • Supportive therapy - gastric lavage
  • Symptomatic
    • Emetic
    • Purgatives
    • Diuretics
  • ATB
24
Q

What is the aetilogical agent of anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

25
Q

How is anthrax transmitted?

A
  • Ingestion of spores
  • Cutaneous - rare
  • Inhalation - rare
  • Blood sucking insects
26
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of anthrax

A
  • Ingestion of spores
  • Transported to lymph nodes - lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
  • Fatal septicaemia due to toxin production
27
Q

What toxins are produced during anthrax?

A
  1. Factor 1 - oedema factor
  2. Factor 2 - protective factor
  3. Factor 3 - lethal factor
28
Q

What are the clincial signs of anthrax in ruminants?

A
  • Per-acute systemic disease
  • Sudden death
  • Fever
  • Staggering, trembling, incoordination, disorientation
  • Convulsions
  • Cyanosis
  • Bleeding from all origices
29
Q

What are the typical PM findings during anthrax?

A
  • Blackberry jam spleen
  • Tarry blood
  • Absent rigor mortis
30
Q

What samples should be taken when anthrax is suspected?

A
  • Blood
  • Ear
31
Q

How do we diagnose anthrax?

A
  • Culture - blood smear - medusa head
  • Ascoli thermoprecipitation test
  • Penicillin susceptibility
  • Animal inoculation
32
Q

How do we treat anthrax?

A

ONLY EFFECTIVE IN VERY EARLY STAGES

  • ATB - penicillin
  • Supportive
33
Q

What causes thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

A

Histophilus somni

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

A
  • Severe vasculitis caused by bacterial attachment to the endothelial cells
  • Endotoxin/exotoxin release
  • Cell destruction
35
Q

What are the clinical signs of TME?

A

SUDDEN DEATH

Ruminant Medicine (12 decks)

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